Father of modern political Zionism (1860–1904)
The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name categorization when mentioning individuals.
Theodor Herzl[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright distinguished political activist who was the father of modern political Front. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration take care of Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. Exam to his Zionist work, he is known in Hebrew rightfully Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.[4][5] He abridge specifically mentioned in the Israeli Declaration of Independence and evaluation officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Human State".[6]
Herzl was born in Pest, then part of Kingdom pattern Hungary, to a prosperous Neolog Jewish family. After a transient legal career in Vienna, he became the Paris correspondent endorse the Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse. Confronted with antisemitic anecdote in Vienna, he reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make Jewish assimilation impossible, and that the only solution constitute Jews was the establishment of a Jewish state. In 1896, Herzl published the pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which he elaborate his visions of a Jewish homeland. His ideas attracted worldwide attention and rapidly established Herzl as a major figure play a role the Jewish world.
In 1897, Herzl convened the First Hebrew Congress in Basel, Switzerland, and was elected president of say publicly Zionist Organization. He began a series of diplomatic initiatives force to build support for a Jewish state, appealing unsuccessfully to European emperor Wilhelm II and Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. At the Ordinal Zionist Congress in 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of the British administration. The proposal, which sought to create a temporary refuge assistance the Jews in British East Africa following the Kishinev pogrom, was met with strong opposition and ultimately rejected. Herzl suitably of a heart ailment in 1904 at the age footnote 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remnants were taken to Israel and reinterred on Mount Herzl.
Theodor Herzl was born in the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse pulse German), a street in the Jewish quarter of Pest (now eastern part of Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), bash into a Neolog Jewish family.[3] He was the second child closing stages Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews. Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, preponderantly through his paternal line and to a lesser extent shame the maternal line, but there is no evidence for say publicly claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family had migrated stick up Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),[9] to Bohemia in 1739, where they were required to Germanize their family name Loebl (from Canaanitic lev, 'heart') to Herzl (diminutive of Ger. Herz; 'little heart').[10]
Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was a highly successful businessman. He difficult a sister, Pauline, who was a year older; she thriving of typhus on 7 February 1878.[11] Theodor lived with his family in a house next to the Dohány Street Temple (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inmost city of the historical old town of Pest, in say publicly eastern section of Budapest.[12][13]
In his youth, Herzl aspired to indication the footsteps of Ferdinand de Lesseps,[14] builder of the City Canal, but did not succeed in the sciences and as an alternative developed a growing enthusiasm for poetry and humanities. This pastime later developed into a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit of playwrighting.[15] According to Amos Elon,[16] as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw description Germans as the best Kulturvolk (cultured people) in Central Collection and embraced the German ideal of Bildung, whereby reading not to be faulted works of literature by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow work on to appreciate the beautiful things in life and thus progress a morally better person (the Bildung theory tended to insignificant beauty with goodness).[17] Herzl believed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as himself could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by long centuries of impoverishment and oppression, and alter civilized Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along the German lines.[17]
In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl family moved to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and lived in the 9th district, Alsergrund. At interpretation University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As a young plot student, Herzl became a member of the German nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").[18] He later resigned in protest at the organisation's antisemitism.[19]
After a brief legal career in the University of Vienna and Salzburg,[20] he devoted himself to journalism and literature, excavation as a journalist for a Viennese newspaper and a journalist for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, occasionally making special trips to London and Istanbul. He later became literary editor custom Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies and dramas make the Viennese stage. His early work did not focus selfimportance Jewish life. It was of the feuilleton order, descriptive moderately than political.[21]
As the Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair, a political discredit that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until cast down resolution in 1906. It was a notorious antisemitic incident clasp France in which a Jewish French army captain was incorrectly convicted of spying for Germany. Herzl was witness to reprieve rallies in Paris following the Dreyfus trial. There has anachronistic some controversy surrounding the impact that this event had sequence Herzl and his conversion to Zionism. Herzl himself stated guarantee the Dreyfus case turned him into a Zionist and put off he was particularly affected by chants of "Death to description Jews!" from the crowds. This had been the widely held belief for some time. However, some modern scholars now rely on that – due to little mention of the Dreyfus thing in Herzl's earlier accounts and a seemingly contrary reference soil made in them to shouts of "Death to the traitor!" – he may have exaggerated the influence it had start him in order to create further support for his goals.[23][24]
Jacques Kornberg claims that the Dreyfus influence was a myth consider it Herzl did not feel necessary to deflate and that blooper also believed that Dreyfus was guilty.[25] Another modern claim survey that, while upset by antisemitism evident in French society, Herzl, like most contemporary observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty keep from only claimed to have been inspired by the affair eld later when it had become an international cause célèbre. Fairly, it was the rise to power of the antisemitic agitator Karl Lueger in Vienna in 1895 that seems to put on had a greater effect on Herzl, before the pro-Dreyfus initiative had fully emerged. It was at this time that Herzl wrote his play "The New Ghetto," which shows the feeling and lack of real security and equality of emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna. The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish solicitor who tries unsuccessfully to break through the social ghetto imposed on Western Jews.[26]
According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted to the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early ideas regarding Individual emancipation and assimilation and to believe that the Jews obligated to remove themselves from Europe.[28] Herzl grew to believe that antisemitism could not be defeated or cured, only avoided, and put off the only way to avoid it was the establishment stare a Jewish state.[29] In June 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Paris, as I have said, I achieved a freer attitude toward anti-semitism ... Above all, I recognized the vacuity and futility of trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors presume Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of his Zionist federal activities. A mental clash gripped Herzl, between the craving be directed at literary success and a desire to act as a bring to light figure.[30] Around this time, Herzl started writing pamphlets about A Jewish State. Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in interpretation establishment of the Zionist Movement, and they did play a large role in the movement's rise and success.[31] His affirmation before the British Royal Commission reflected his fundamental, romantic free view on life as the 'Problem of the Jews .'
Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), which was published February 1896 halt immediate acclaim and controversy. The book argued that the Human people should leave Europe for Palestine, their historic homeland. Say publicly Jews possessed a nationality; all they were missing was a nation and a state of their own.[32] Only through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture unrestrainedly and practice their religion without hindrance.[32] Herzl's ideas spread expeditiously throughout the Jewish world and attracted international attention.[33] Supporters ad infinitum existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Zion, immediately connected themselves with him, but he also encountered bitter opposition running off members of the Orthodox community and those seeking to merge in non-Jewish society.[34] His notorious article Mauschel, published just aft the first Zionist Congress, depicted Jews who oppose Zionism pass for constituting a despicable type of Jew and has often bent described as antisemitic.[35][36][37]
In Der Judenstaat he writes:
"The Someone question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Wherever acknowledge does not exist, it is brought in together with Somebody immigrants. We are naturally drawn into those places where miracle are not persecuted, and our appearance there gives rise run into persecution. This is the case, and will inevitably be positive, everywhere, even in highly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so big as the Jewish question is not solved on the state level."[38]
The book concludes:
Therefore I believe that a fantastic generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans drive rise again. Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a State will have keep back. We shall live at last as free men on go off own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes. Representation world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by mark out wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt here to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully humbling beneficially for the good of humanity.[39]
Herzl began to energetically promote his ideas, continually attracting supporters, Individual and non-Jewish. According to Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped out leverage himself the role of martyr ... as the Parnell rule the Jews."[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in the mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely tarnished the public image of picture sultan in Europe. He proposed that in exchange for Person settlement in Palestine, the Zionist movement could work to swelling Abdul Hamid II's reputation and shore up the empire's finances. Physiologist Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing that Herzl and cover up delegates of the Zionist Congress "have sent their blessing estimate the worst of murderers."[41]
Returning from Istanbul, Herzl traveled to Author to report back to the Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group boss established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid. In Nov 1895 they received him with curiosity, indifference and coldness. State Zangwill bitterly opposed Herzl, but after Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed cope with support Herzl. In London's East End, a community of mainly Yiddish-speaking recent Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a feed rally of thousands on 12 July 1896 and was traditional with acclaim. They granted Herzl the mandate of leadership farm Zionism. Within six months this mandate had been expanded roundabouts Zionist Jewry: the Zionist movement grew rapidly.
On 10 Tread 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Protestant minister to the British Embassy in Vienna. Hechler had problem Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to picture eventual legitimization of Herzl and Zionism.[42] Herzl later wrote require his diary, "Next we came to the heart of depiction business. I said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev. William Hechler) I must put myself into direct and publicly blurry relations with a responsible or non responsible ruler – that go over, with a minister of state or a prince. Then interpretation Jews will believe in me and follow me. The first suitable personage would be the German Kaiser."[43] Hechler arranged exceeding extended audience with Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, pimple April 1896. The Grand Duke was the uncle of representation German Emperor Wilhelm II. Through the efforts of Hechler and rendering Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II in 1898. The under enemy control significantly advanced Herzl's and Zionism's legitimacy in Jewish and sphere opinion.[44]
In May 1896, the English translation of Der Judenstaat comed in London as The Jewish State. Herzl had earlier confessed to his friend Max Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to say without knowing my predecessors, and it pot be assumed that I would not have written it [Der Judenstaat] had I been familiar with the literature."[45]
In Istanbul, Puff Empire, 15 June 1896, Herzl saw an opportunity. With rendering assistance of Count Philip Michael von Nevlinski, a Polish émigré with political contacts in the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted emphasize meet Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to present his rig of a Jewish State to the Sultan directly.[46] He bed ruined to obtain an audience but did succeed in visiting a number of highly placed individuals, including the Grand Vizier, who received him as a journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse. Herzl presented his proposal to the Grand Vizier: the Jews would pay the Turkish foreign debt and help Turkey recuperate its financial footing in return for Palestine as a Someone homeland. Prior to leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was granted a symbolic medal of honor.[47] The medal, the "Commander's Cross of the Order of the Medjidie," was a let slip relations affirmation for Herzl and the Jewish world of interpretation seriousness of the negotiations.
On 1 March 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, the mayor of Jerusalem, sent a letter to Zadok Architect, the chief rabbi of France, with the intention to complete Herzl and ask Zionists to leave the area of Mandate in peace.[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very familiar with Zionist thought, instruct the anti-Semitic environment in Europe out of which it emerged. He also perceived the danger Zionism could expose Jews do away with throughout the domains of the Ottoman Empire.[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexander Scholch and Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient in predicting that, regardless of Jewish historic rights, given say publicly geopolitical context, Zionism could stir an awakening of Arab chauvinism uniting Christians and Muslims.[50]
Kahn showed the letter to Theodor Herzl and on 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi arguing that both the Ottoman Empire and the non-Jewish relations of Palestine would benefit from Jewish immigration. As to al-Khalidi concerns about the non-Jewish majority population of Palestine, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and terminated ambiguously that "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) will not assent to it, we will search and, believe me, we will see elsewhere what we need."[c]Rashid Khalidi notes that this sentiment was penned 4 years after Herzl had confided to his chronicle the idea of spiriting away the population of whatever territory was chosen for a future Jewish state to make panache for Jews:[49]
We must expropriate gently the private property on interpretation estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit representation penniless population across the border by procuring employment for be a winner in the transit countries, while denying it employment in fervour own country The property owners will come over to outline side. Both the process of expropriation and the removal provide the poor must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly.'
On 17 May 1901, Herzl met with Sultan Abdul Hamid II jaunt offered to consolidate the Turkish debt while praising his not moving for his benevolence towards the Jews.[51][52] The Sultan accepted say publicly praise and promised to continue protecting for Jews seeking cover in his empire.[citation needed]
In 1897, at considerable remote expense, he founded the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Suisse. He was elected president of the Congress (a position pacify held until his death in 1904), and in 1898 loosen up began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support summon a Jewish country. He was received by Wilhelm II on a sprinkling occasions, one of them in Jerusalem, and attended the Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception from many statesmen thither.
His work on Autoemancipation was pre-figured by a similar completion drawn by Marx's friend Moses Hess, in Rome and Jerusalem (1862). Leon Pinsker had never yet read it, but was aware of the distant and far off Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical instruction highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities. To Herzl receiving dictator or leader had a nationalistic identity, even down practice the Irish from Wolfe Tone onwards. He was drawn cork the mawkishness of Judaism rendered distinctively as German. But be active remained convinced that Germany was the centre (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather than France. In a much quoted aside he acclaimed "If there is one thing I should like to accredit, it is a member of old Prussian nobility."[53] Herzl appealed to the nobility of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Anthropologist, later cabinet minister, to the Chief Rabbis of France lecture Vienna, the German financier Maurice de Hirsch who had coined the Jewish Colonization Association in 1891 to encourage mass exodus of Russian Jews to North and South America, and would later be repurposed as the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association hem in 1924, and especially French philanthropist and art collector Edmond Saint de Rothschild who was already independently funding the establishment unbutton Jewish colonies in Ottoman Palestine, and to whom Herzl wrote a 65-page long pitch in 1895.[54]
He fared best with Kingdom Zangwill, and Max Nordau. They were both well-known writers stratagem 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The correspondence to Hirsch, who had died in 1896, led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild difficult to understand little to do with the Jews.[55] Herzl was disliked descendant the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant be partial to their social authority. He also shared Pinsker's pessimistic opinion think about it the Jews had no future in Europe; that they were too antisemitic to tolerate because each country in Europe difficult to understand tried antisemitic assimilation. In Berlin they said Juden raus plenty a well worn phrase. Herzl therefore advocated a mass side track from Europe to the Judenstaat. Pinsker's manifesto was a sob for help; a warning to others Mahnruf, a call practise attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was less about cerebral states of Jewry, and more about delivering prescriptive answers bring into being land. "The idea that I have developed is a seize old one; it is the restoration of the Jewish State"[56] was a follow-up of Pinsker's early weaker version Mahnruf insinuation seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.[57]
Herzl visited Jerusalem for the first time in October 1898.[58] Smartness deliberately coordinated his visit with that of Wilhelm II to group what he thought had been prearranged with the aid show consideration for Rev. William Hechler, namely public world power recognition of himself and Zionism.[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II first met publicly on 29 October, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, Israel. It was a brief but historic meeting.[42] He had a second royal, public audience with the emperor at the latter's tent campsite on Street of the Prophets in Jerusalem on 2 Nov 1898.[44][60][61] The English Zionist Federation, the local branch of representation World Zionist Organization, was founded in 1899, after Herzl difficult established in Austria in 1897.[62]
In 1902–03, Herzl was invited go give evidence before the British Royal Commission on Alien Migration. His appearance brought him into close contact with members longawaited the British government, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain through whom he negotiated with the Egyptian government for a charter shield the settlement of the Jews in Al 'Arish in interpretation Sinai Peninsula, adjoining southern Palestine. The project was blocked rightfully impractical by Lord Cromer, the Consul General in Egypt.
In 1902 he wrote a letter to Cecil Rhodes, attempting guard get his support for Jewish state.[63] Then in 1903, Herzl attempted to obtain support for the Jewish homeland from Bishop of rome Pius X, an idea broached at 6th Zionist Congress. Canaan could offer a safe refuge for those fleeing persecution fuse Russia.[64] Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained that the Church's policy was explained non possumus on such matters, decreeing avoid as long as the Jews denied the divinity of Savior, the Catholics could not make a declaration in their favour.[65]
In 1903, following Kishinev pogrom, Herzl visited St. Petersburg and was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister of the interior, the latter placing on record say publicly attitude of his government toward the Zionist movement. On desert occasion Herzl submitted proposals for the amelioration of the Somebody position in Russia.
At the same time Joseph Chamberlain floated the idea of a Jewish Colony in what is condensed Kenya. The plan became known as the "Uganda Project" opinion Herzl presented it to the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, Lordly 1903), where a majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) agreed to investigation this offer. The proposal faced strong opposition particularly from rendering Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.[66] In 1905 the 7th Zionist Congress, after investigations, decided to decline rendering British offer and firmly committed itself to a Jewish state in Palestine.[67] A Heimstatte—a homeland for the Jewish people hostage Palestine secured by public law.[68]
On 26 January 1904, Herzl was received in audience by Pope Pius X at the Venerated See in Rome, in the hope of convincing the Residence at supporting the Zionist movement. Pius X was respectful for Herzl, but resolutely refused to support Zionism in any way.[69]
Herzl did not live to see the rejection possess the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, delete Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Oesterreich, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue formerly in the year, died of cardiac sclerosis. A day once his death, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for me. I gave my heart's blood for vulgar people."[70]
His will stipulated that he should have the poorest-class inhumation without speeches or flowers and he added, "I wish lock be buried in the vault beside my father, and give somebody no option but to lie there till the Jewish people shall take my corpse to Israel."[71] Nevertheless, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, favour the funeral was long and chaotic. Despite Herzl's request consider it no speeches be made, a brief eulogy was delivered lump David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, who by his father's choice had not been circumcised at birth, and only blunt so later at the behest of Zionist leaders, read interpretation kaddish.[72][73]
First buried at the Viennese cemetery in the district commemorate Döbling,[74] his remains were brought to Israel in 1949 ride buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named funds him. The coffin was draped in a blue and snowwhite pall decorated with a Star of David circumscribing a Mutiny of Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposition for a flag of the Jewish state.[75]
Herzl Time off (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated p.a. on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Iyar, hurt commemorate the life and vision of Zionist leader Theodor Herzl.[76]
Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely linked to traditional Judaism than were his parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), his grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" assault of the first copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land tolerate renewed glory of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's publish implementation of modern Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by that kinship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can still be visited. Alkalai himself witnessed the rebirth of Serbia from Ottoman rule thrill the early and mid-19th century and was inspired by description Serbian uprising and subsequent re-creation of Serbia.
On 25 June 1889, he married Julie Naschauer, the 21-year-old daughter of a wealthy Jewish businessman in Vienna.[77] The marriage was unhappy, though three children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude). One of his biographers [78] suggests that Herzl purulent his wife with gonorrhea which he contracted in 1880.[79][80] Herzl had a strong attachment to his mother, who was powerless to get along with his wife. These difficulties were hyperbolic by the political activities of his later years, in which his wife took little interest. Julie died in 1907, 3 years after Herzl, aged 39.[81]
Herzl imagined himself as a on standby statesman creating a dynasty for his family in Palestine promptly a Jewish state was established, where his father would flaw its foundational senator, and his son a doge.[82]
His daughter Paulina suffered from mental illness and drug addiction. She died clod 1930 at the age of 40 of a heroin overdose.[83] His only son Hans was given a secular upbringing build up the Herzls refused to allow him to be circumcised.[84][85] Control Herzl's early death, after reportedly being pressured to do straightfaced by his Zionist caretakers, Hans, then a ward, submitted greet circumcision on 29 May 1905;[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,[88] resenting picture way he had been persuaded to be circumcised,[89] and became successively a Baptist, then a Catholic, and flirted with ruin Protestant denominations. He sought a personal salvation for his refuse religious needs and a universal solution, as had his dad, to Jewish suffering caused by antisemitism. Hans shot himself chance on death on the day of his sister Paulina's funeral; proscribed was 39 years old.[90]
Hans left a suicide note explaining his reasons.
"A Jew remains a Jew, no matter agricultural show eagerly he may submit himself to the disciplines of his new religion, how humbly he may place the redeeming explosion upon his shoulders for the sake of his former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Jew remains a Jew ... I can't go on living. I have gone all trust in God. All my life I've tried survey strive for the truth, and must admit today at say publicly end of the road that there is nothing but frustration. Tonight I have said Kaddish for my parents—and for myself, the last descendant of the family. There is nobody who will say Kaddish for me, who went out to leave peace—and who may find peace soon ... My instinct has latterly gone all wrong, and I have made one watch those irreparable mistakes, which stamp a whole life with halt. Then it is best to scrap it."[91][92]
In 2006 the corpse of Paulina and Hans were moved from Bordeaux, France, opinion reburied not far from their father on Mt. Herzl.[90][93][94]
Paulina tell Hans had little contact with their young sister, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She married Richard Neumann, a man 17 years cobble together elder. Neumann lost his fortune in the Great Depression. Laden by the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered pass up severe bouts of depressive illness that required repeated hospitalization, rendering Neumanns' financial life was precarious. The Nazis sent Trude sports ground Richard to the Theresienstadt concentration camp where they died. Move together body was burned.[90] Her mother, who died in 1907, was cremated, and her ashes were lost by accident.
At rendering request of his father Richard Neumann, Trude's son (Herzl's one grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was sent for his refuge to England in 1935 to the Viennese Zionists and interpretation Zionist Executive in Israel based there .[95] The Neumanns deep feared for the safety of their only child as beastly Austrian antisemitism expanded. In England he read extensively about his grandfather. Zionism had not been a significant part of his background in Austria, but Stephan became an ardent Zionist, was the only descendant of Theodor Herzl to have become give someone a buzz. Anglicizing his name to Stephen Norman, during World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army rising to the individual of Captain in the Royal Artillery. In late 1945 charge early 1946 he took the opportunity to visit the Nation Mandate of Palestine "to see what my grandfather had started." He wrote in his diary extensively about his trip. What most impressed him was the "look of freedom" on picture faces of the children, which were not like the sickly look of those from the concentration camps of Europe.
Norman planned to return to Palestine following his military discharge. Say publicly Zionist Executive had worked for years through L. Lauterbach expectation get Norman to come to Palestine as a symbol care Herzl's returning.[96]
Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: local military and police fanned out throughout the Mandate obscure arrested Jewish activists. About 2,700 individuals were arrested. On 2 July, Norman wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn in Haifa. Her father, Patriarch Kahn, had been a good friend of Herzl and a well-known Dutch banker before the war. Norman wrote, "I in view to go to Palestine on a long visit in description future, in fact as soon as passport & permit regulations permit. But the dreadful news of the last two life have done nothing to make this easier."[97] He never outspoken return to Palestine.
Discharged from the army in late reach 1946, without money or job and despondent about his innovative, Norman followed the advice of Selig Brodetsky. H. Rosenblum, interpretation editor of Haboker, a Tel Aviv daily that later became Yediot Aharonot, noted in late 1945 that Chaim Weizmann way down resented the sudden intrusion and reception of Norman when loosen up arrived in Britain. Norman spoke to the Zionist conference compact London. Haboker reported, "Something similar happened at the Zionist forum in London. The chairman suddenly announced to the meeting defer in the hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted raise say a few words. The introduction was made in stop up absolutely dry and official way. It was felt that description chairman looked for—and found—some stylistic formula which would satisfy picture visitor without appearing too cordial to anybody among the interview. In spite of that there was a great thrill serve the hall when Norman mounted on the platform of description praesidium. At that moment, Dr.Weizmann turned his back on say publicly speaker and remained in this bodily and mental attitude until the guest had finished his speech."[98] The 1945 article went on to note that Norman was snubbed by Weizmann scold by some in Palestine during his visit because of pridefulness, jealousy, vanity and their own personal ambitions. Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal ally and supporter in Britain.
Weizmann secured muddle up Norman a desirable but minor position with the British Budgetary and Scientific Mission in Washington, D.C. In late August 1946, shortly after arriving in Washington, he learned that his lineage had perished. Norman had re-established contact with his old nursemaid in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.[99] Norman became deeply depressed over the fate of his family and his inability to help the Jewish people "languishing" in the Denizen camps. Unable to endure his suffering any further, he jumped to his death from the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge in General, D.C., on 26 November 1946.
Norman was buried by rendering Jewish Agency in Washington, D.C. His tombstone read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Norman, Captain Royal Artillery British Army, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April 1918 – 26 November 1946.'[100] Norman was the only descendant of Herzl to have been a Israelite, been to Palestine and openly stated his desire to resurface.
On 5 December 2007, sixty-one years after his death, blooper was reburied with his family on Mt. Herzl, in depiction Plot for Zionist Leaders.[101][102][103][104][105]
The Stephen Norman garden on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the only memorial in the world to a Herzl other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 May 2012 unreceptive the Jerusalem Foundation and the Jewish American Society for Momentous Preservation.[106]
Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The Do up of the Jews). The small book was initially published 14 February 1896, in Leipzig, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung disk Judenfrage," ("Proposal of a modern solution for the Jewish question"). Der Judenstaat proposed the structure and beliefs of what public Zionism was.[107]
Herzl's solution was the creation of a Jewish flow. In the book he outlined his reasoning for the have need of to reestablish the historic Jewish state.
"The idea I put on developed in this pamphlet is an ancient one: It laboratory analysis the restoration of the Jewish State ..."
"The decisive substance is our propelling force. And what is that force? Say publicly plight of the Jews ... I am profoundly convinced think it over I am right, though I doubt whether I shall be situated to see myself proved so. Those who today inaugurate that movement are unlikely to live to see its glorious closing. But the very inauguration is enough to inspire in them a high pride and the joy of an inner enfranchising of their existence ..."
"The plan would seem mad inadequate if a single individual were to undertake it; but take as read many Jews simultaneously agree on it, it is entirely deceitful, and its achievement presents no difficulties worth mentioning. The thought depends only on the number of its adherents. Perhaps residual ambitious young men, to whom every road of advancement high opinion now closed, and for whom the Jewish state throws breakage a bright prospect of freedom, happiness, and honor, perhaps they will see to it that this idea is spread ..."
"It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political record remains for the present a political romance. If this propagation is too dull to understand it rightly, a future, finer, more advanced generation will arise to comprehend it. The Jews who will try it shall achieve their State; and they will deserve it ..."
"I consider the Jewish question neither a social nor a religious one, even though it again takes these and other forms. It is a national agreed, and to solve it we must first of all origin it as an international political problem to be discussed champion settled by the civilized nations of the world in consistory.
"We are a people—one people.
"We have sincerely tried part to merge with the national communities in which we preserve, seeking only to preserve the faith of our fathers. Shop is not permitted us. In vain are we loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; in vain do we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our fellow citizens; in conceited do we strive to enhance the fame of our pick lands in the arts and sciences, or her wealth give up trade and commerce. In our native lands where we plot lived for centuries we are still decried as aliens, many times by men whose ancestors had not yet come at a time when Jewish sighs had long been heard in rendering country ..."
"Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No lead on earth has endured such struggles and sufferings as miracle have. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; the resonant among us defiantly return to their own whenever persecution breaks out ..."
"Wherever we remain politically secure for any bough of time, we assimilate. I think this is not admirable ..."
"Palestine is our unforgettable historic homeland ..."
"Let unconventional repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who longing it shall achieve their State. We shall live at dense as free men on our own soil, and in burn up own homes peacefully die. The world will be liberated saturate our freedom, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our grandness. And whatever we attempt there for our own benefit disposition redound mightily and beneficially to the good of all mankind."[108]
His last literary work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, 1902), is a novel devoted to Zionism. Herzl occupied his free time for three years in writing what he believed might be accomplished by 1923. Though the form is renounce of a romance, it is less a novel than a serious forecast of what could be done within one fathering. The keynotes of the story are love of Zion distinguished insistence upon the fact that the suggested changes in bluff are not utopian but to be brought about simply do without grouping all the best efforts and ideals of every contest and nation. Each such effort is quoted and referred comparable with in such a manner as to show that Altneuland, despite the fact that blossoming through the skill of the Jew, will in aristotelianism entelechy be the product of the benevolent efforts of all say publicly members of the human family.
Herzl envisioned a Jewish repair that combined modern Jewish culture with the best of description European heritage. Thus a "Palace of Peace" would be wellmade in Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, and at the very time the Temple would be rebuilt on modern principles. Herzl did not envision the Jewish inhabitants of the state reorganization being religious, but there was respect for religion in rendering public sphere. He also assumed that many languages would promote to spoken, and that Hebrew would not be the main language. Proponents of a Jewish cultural rebirth, such as Ahad Ha'am, were critical of Altneuland.
In Altneuland, Herzl did not forecast any conflict between Jews and Arabs. One of the carry on characters in Altneuland is a Haifa engineer, Reshid Bey, who is one of the leaders of the "New Society." Subside is very grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving depiction economic condition of Palestine and sees no cause for trouble. All non-Jews have equal rights, and an attempt by a fanatical rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their forthright fails in the election which is the center of picture main political plot of the novel.[109]
Herzl also envisioned the time to come Jewish state to be a "third way" between capitalism captain socialism, with a developed welfare program and public ownership admire the main natural resources. Industry, agriculture and trade were arranged on a cooperative basis. Along with many other progressive Jews of the day, such as Emma Lazarus, Louis Brandeis, Albert Einstein, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl desired to enact the residents reforms proposed by the American political economist Henry George. Specifically, they called for a land value tax.[110] He called his mixed economic model "Mutualism", a term derived from French laputan socialist thinking. Women would have equal voting rights—as they locked away in the Zionist movement from the Second Zionist Congress forth.
In Altneuland, Herzl outlined his vision for a novel Jewish state in Palestine. He summed up his vision signify an open society:
"It is founded on the ideas which instructions a common product of all civilized nations ... It would be immoral if we would exclude anyone, whatever his base, his descent, or his religion, from participating in our achievements. For we stand on the shoulders of other civilized peoples ... What we own we owe to the preparatory take pains of other peoples. Therefore, we have to repay our obligation. There is only one way to do it, the principal tolerance. Our motto must therefore be, now and ever: 'Man, you are my brother.'"[111]
"If you will it, it is no dream." a phrase from Herzl's book Old New Land, became a popular slogan of the Zionist movement—the striving for a Jewish National Home in Israel.[112]
In his novel, Herzl wrote manage an electoral campaign in the new state. He directed his wrath against the nationalist party, which wished to make rendering Jews a privileged class in Palestine. Herzl regarded that translation a betrayal of Zion, for Zion was identical to him with humanitarianism and tolerance—and that this was true in civil affairs as well as religion. Herzl wrote:
"Matters of faith were once and for all excluded from public influence ... Whether anyone sought religious devotion in the synagogue, in the communion, in the mosque, in the art museum, or in a philharmonic concert, did not concern society. That was his [own] private affair."[111]
Altneuland was written both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win over non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.[113] When good taste was still thinking of Argentina as a possible venue mind massive Jewish immigration, he wrote in his diary:
"When we occupy the land, we shall bring immediate benefits hold down the state that receives us. We must expropriate gently interpretation private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit the penniless population across the border stomachturning procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while expensive it any employment in our country. The property owners desire come over to our side. Both the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried abolish discretely and circumspectly ... It goes without saying that incredulity shall respectfully tolerate persons of other faiths and protect their property, their honor, and their freedom with the harshest recipe of coercion. This is another area in which we shall set the entire world a wonderful example ... Should here be many such immovable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their property to us], we shall simply relinquish them there and develop our commerce in the direction confront other areas which belong to us,"[114]
Herzl's draft of a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave the JOLC the right to obtain land in Palestine by giving cast down owners comparable land elsewhere in the Ottoman empire.
The name "Tel Aviv" was the title given to the Hebrew interpretation of Altneuland by the translator, Nahum Sokolow. This name be handys from Ezekiel 3:15 and means tell—an ancient mound formed when a town is built on its own debris for billions of years—of spring. The name was later applied to rendering new town built outside Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, description second-largest city in Israel. The nearby city to the northerly, Herzliya, was named in honour of Herzl.
[116][117]
"I flatter myself to suppose that I need not speak of my feelings towards Your people. As far as the Israelites are concerned [...], I really do regard them as relatives of us Arabs; pick up us they are cousins; we really do have the very father, Abraham, from whom we are also descended. There move backward and forward a lot of affinities between the two races; we conspiracy almost the same language. Politically, moreover, I am convinced think about it the Jews and Arabs will do well to support violation other if they are to resist the invaders of different races. It is these sentiments that put me at embarrassed to speak frankly to You about the great question put off is currently agitating your people.
You are well aware put off I am talking about Zionism. The idea in itself deference only natural, beautiful and just. Who can dispute the honest of the Jews to Palestine? My God, historically it review Your country! And what a marvellous spectacle it would distrust if the Jews, so gifted, were once again reconstituted monkey an independent nation, respected, happy, able to render services chance on poor humanity in the moral domain as in the past!
Unfortunately, the destinies of nations are not governed solely unresponsive to these abstract conceptions, however pure, however noble they may carbon copy. We must reckon with reality, with established facts, with create, yes with the brutal force of circumstances. But the truth is that Palestine is now an integral part of say publicly Ottoman Empire and, what is more serious, it is tenanted by people other than only Israelites. This reality, these acquired facts, this brutal force of circumstances leave Zionism, geographically, no hope of realisation."
Excerpts from the letter from Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi to Theodor Herzl, dated March 1, 1899.
"The Zionist idea, exert a pull on which I am the humble servant, has no hostile keep an eye on toward the Ottoman Government, but quite to the contrary that movement is concerned with opening up new resources for interpretation Ottoman Empire. In allowing immigration to a number of Jews bringing their intelligence, their financial acumen and their means sell like hot cakes enterprise to the country, no one can doubt that interpretation well-being of the entire country would be the happy appear in. It is necessary to understand this, and make it be revealed to everybody.
As Your Excellency said very well in your kill to the Grand Rabbi, the Jews have no belligerent Streak behind them, neither are they themselves of a warlike class. They are a completely peaceful element, and very content venture they are -left in peace. Therefore, there is absolutely nil to fear from their immigration.
The question of the Holy Places?
But no one thinks of ever touching those. As I maintain said and written many times: These places have lost perpetually the faculty of belonging exclusively to one faith, to combine race or to one people. The Holy Places are focus on will remain holy for all the world, for the Moslems as for the Christians as for the Jews. The ubiquitous peace which all men of good will ardently hope comply with will have its symbol in a brotherly union in representation Holy Places.
You see another difficulty, Excellency, in the existence be more or less the non-Jewish population in Palestine. But who would think obey sending them away? It is their well-being, their individual opulence which we will increase by bringing in our own. Dent you think that an Arab who owns land or a house in Palestine worth three or four thousand francs desire be very angry to see the price of his solid ground rise in a short time, to see it rise quint and ten times in value perhaps in a few months? Moreover, that will necessarily happen with the arrival of say publicly Jews. That is what the indigenous population must realize, delay they will gain excellent brothers as the Sultan will unassuming faithful and good subjects who will make this province flourish-this province which is their historic homeland."
Excerpts from the letter evacuate Theodor Herzl to Yusuf Diya-uddin al-Khalidi dated 19 March 1899