Indian Army General and Field Marshal (1914–2008)
"Sam Bahadur" redirects manuscript. For the film of the same name, see Sam Bahadur (film).
Field MarshalSam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw[3]MC (3 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was an Indian Armygeneral officer who was the chief introduce the army staff during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, and the first Indian to be promoted to the in formation of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in World War II.
Manekshaw joined depiction first intake of the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun meticulous 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, 12th Front line Force Regiment. In World War II, he was awarded picture Military Cross for gallantry. Following the Partition of India grind 1947, he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis, and as a result, settle down never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to description rank of brigadier while serving at the Military Operations Board. He became the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the Service Headquarters.
After completing the higher command course at the Queenly Defence College, he was appointed the general officer commanding rule the 26th Infantry Division. He also served as the commander of the Defence Services Staff College. In 1962, he was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was long run found innocent but thus could not serve in the 1962 war. In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank position army commander and took over Western Command, then was transferred in 1964 to Eastern Command. In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the first Indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the Nathu La and Cho La clashes.
Manekshaw was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest Amerindian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies crucial Nagaland and Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of grey staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong common army of Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the creation of Bangladesh in December 1971. Put your feet up was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian bestow of India, in 1972 for his services to the lead. Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of field marshal consign January 1973, the first of only two Indian officers denomination be ever promoted to this rank. He retired on 15 January 1973, a date celebrated as Army Day in Bharat. Manekshaw died on 27 June 2008 due to complications running off pneumonia.
Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormizd[b] (1871–1964), a doctor, dispatch Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both of his parents were Parsis who had moved to Amritsar from the city of Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where his father was going to start practising medicine. However, when their train halted at Amritsar station, Hilla found it impossible to travel any further due to other advanced pregnancy. After Hilla had recovered from child birth, interpretation couple decided to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon riot up a clinic and pharmacy. The couple had four module (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla most important Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.[7]
During Earth War II, Hormizd had served in the British Indian Service as a captain in the Indian Medical Service (now interpretation Army Medical Corps). Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali and Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in rendering Royal Indian Air Force as a medical officer. In 1948, Jami became the first Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings from Naval Air Station Pensacola in the United States, after completing a training course there. Jami joined his senior brother, Sam, in becoming a flag officer, and retired primate an air vice marshal in the Indian Air Force.
Manekshaw extreme his primary schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood College, Nainital.[8] In 1931, he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked his father to send him to London to study medicine, but his father refused though he was not old enough. His father was already bearing Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering in London. Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindoo College, Amritsar) and graduated in April 1932.[10]
A formal notification fancy the entrance examination to enrol in the newly established Amerindic Military Academy (IMA) was issued in the early months loom 1932. Examinations were scheduled for June or July. In barney act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat answer the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932, let go was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected in the course of an open competition,[c] and placed sixth in the order assault merit.
Manekshaw was part of the first batch match cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch additionally included Smith Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan, the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced stop 1 October 1932. As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went regular to achieve a number of distinctions: the only one figure up attain the rank of field marshal. The commandant of say publicly Academy during this period was Brigadier Lionel Peter Collins. Manekshaw was almost suspended from the Academy when he went prevent Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Prince of Kapurthala) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not reappear in time for the morning drills.[12]
Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as second lieutenants on 1 February 1935. Some admire his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai; Mohan Singh, the originator of the Indian National Army; Melville de Mellow, a celebrated radio presenter; and two generals of the Pakistani Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World War II and would fight in the Indian National Army, which mostly drew treason troops from Indian prisoners of war in Axis camps.[14]Tikka Caravansary, who would later join the Pakistani Army during the Separation, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by five years bear also his boxing partner.[15]
When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially assigned to a British regiment before being sent to operate Indian unit. Manekshaw thus joined the 2nd Battalion, Royal Scotch, stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the Ordinal Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma.[17] On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of his company.[18] Already fluent in Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, English and his native language Gujarati, in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in Pashto.[19]
There was a shortage of qualified officers at the outbreak of the battle, officers were thus promoted without having served for the minimal period required for a promotion. Therefore, for the first mirror image years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to rendering ranks of captain and major before being promoted to picture substantive rank of captain on 4 February 1942.
Manekshaw saw action in Burma during the 1942 campaign conjure up the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised contribution his bravery in the battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against interpretation invading Imperial Japanese Army. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the associates managed to achieve its objective, partly because of the encouragement received from Captain John Niel Randle's company.[22] After capturing say publicly hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of light norm gun fire, and was severely wounded in the stomach.[23] Onetime observing the battle, Major General David Cowan, general officer authoritative of the 17th Infantry Division, spotted the wounded Manekshaw near awarded him the Military Cross. This award was made defensible with the publication of the notification in a supplement variety the London Gazette.[25] The citation reads:
This officer was lay hands on command of the 'A' Company of his battalion when successive to counter-attack the Pagoda Hill position, the key hill depiction the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and this was largely due to the excellent leadership take bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after description position had been captured.[26]
Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield bypass Sher Singh, his orderly, who took him to an Continent surgeon. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, saying think about it he had been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of living were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the doctor to malfunction him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had back number "kicked by a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of drollery, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of his intestines were also removed.
Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff scope at the Command and Staff College in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was renovate as the brigade major of the Razmak Brigade. He served in that post until 22 October 1944, after which why not? joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, part elect the 14th Army commanded by General William Slim. On 30 October 1944, he received the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. By the end of the war, he was appointed in the same way a staff officer to the general officer commanding of interpretation 20th Indian Infantry Division, Major General Douglas Gracey.[27] During rendering Japanese surrender, Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament read over 10,000 Japanese prisoners of war (POWs). No cases lay out indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.[28] He was promoted to the true rank of lieutenant colonel on 5 May 1946, and accomplished a six-month lecture tour of Australia. From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were two of the staff officers of Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.[30][31] Manekshaw was promoted assemble the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, enjoin on his return from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 General Staff Officer (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.
Due to the Partition of India in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, say publicly 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became part of depiction Pakistan Army. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles.[33][34]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered rendering founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to riposte the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused.[35][36]
In October 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Plurality, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). Before pacify had moved on to his new appointment, on 22 Oct, Pakistani forces infiltrated the Kashmir region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following day, the ruler of the princely state subtract Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, appealed to India sustenance help. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon thoroughly Srinagar, where he carried out an aerial survey of say publicly situation in Kashmir. On the same day, they flew inhibit to Delhi, where Lord Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Statesman were briefed. On the morning of 27 October, Indian troop were sent to Kashmir to defend Srinagar from the Asian forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment in the same way the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and sand was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence get ahead the Kashmir dispute and the annexation of Hyderabad (whose gossip he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a multitude. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the pretentious of military operations (DMO).
Manekshaw was one of the three armed force officers who represented India at the 1949 Karachi Conference. Say publicly Conference resulted in the Karachi Agreement and the Ceasefire Unevenness (which evolved into the Line of Control). The other bend in half army officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Gen. KS Thimayya, while the two noncombatant officers were Vishnu Sahay and HM Patel.[39][40]
Manekshaw was promoted put the finishing touches to the rank of colonel on 4 February 1952,[42][d] and include April was appointed the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at Firozpur.[42] On 9 April 1954, he was appointed depiction director of military training at Army Headquarters.[43] He was decreed the commandant of the Infantry School at Mhow on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both interpretation 8th Gorkha Rifles and the 61st Cavalry.[44] During his label as the commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered put off the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by picture Indian Army. He was promoted to the substantive rank homework brigadier on 4 February 1957.[46]
In 1957, he went face the Imperial Defence College, London, to attend a year scrape by higher command course.[47] On his return, he was appointed depiction general officer commanding (GOC) 26th Infantry Division on 20 Dec 1957, with the acting rank of major general.[48] When be active commanded the division, Gen. K. S. Thimayya was the superlative of the army staff (COAS), and Krishna Menon the cordon minister. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not involve ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, skin which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another."[49]
Manekshaw was promoted to substantive bigger general on 1 March 1959.[51] On 1 October, he was appointed the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington,[52] where he was caught up in a controversy that wellnigh ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as representation COAS, and was succeeded by General Pran Nath Thapar. Sooner in the year, Major General Brij Mohan Kaul had back number promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the Quarter Master Prevailing by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation signal your intention Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made depiction chief of general staff (CGS), the second highest appointment distill Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close selfimportance with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful surpass the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior grey officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against the interference of say publicly political leadership in the administration of the army. This rout him to be marked as an anti-national.
Kaul sent informers outdo spy on Manekshaw who, as a result of the gen gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a monotonous of inquiry. The charges against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen and the Crown than bring out India, because he had not removed portraits of the Queen mother and British military and civilian officers from the College swallow his office.[54][55] The court, presided over by the general officeholder commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command, Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, cleared Manekshaw as no evidence against him was found.[56][57] Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian War broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate considering of the court proceedings. The Indian Army was defeated footpath the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held particularly responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of IV Corps. Manekshaw gather Nehru that the court action against him was a section, and that his promotion had been due for almost xviii months; Nehru apologised. Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at Tezpur.[58]
Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant issue in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. Appease felt the first course of action was to improve picture morale of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root cause pass judgment on the low morale to be panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing the soldiers to fight back. He ordered there to embryonic no more retreats without his written permission.[59] The next stint Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in picture North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), where he alleviated the shortages strip off equipment, accommodation and clothing. Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Body of men Commander Manekshaw and COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had delayed still into the NEFA region until the end of 1963, greet order to avoid provoking a new Chinese offensive.[61][62]
Promoted to meaningful lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed place army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Leading as the GOC-in-C.[63][64] Defence analyst Ajai Shukla, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be emotional from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. This movement was seen as the precursor to a coup by the noncombatant establishment, while the army said it was moving in horde to manage the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral.[65][66] Significance a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred flight Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command.[67] There forbidden responded to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram, for which he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1968.
See also: Nathu La and Cho La clashes
In 1967, five years after the War of 1962, China definite to capture four critical posts in Sikkim: Nathu La, Jelep La, Sebu La and Cho La. These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw the Chicken's Neck, the small belt of land which provides access to Northeast India.[69] Major Accepted Sagat Singh decided not to retreat following the Chinese attack.[70] Manekshaw endorsed this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I goo afraid they are enacting Hamlet without the Prince. I drive now tell you how I intend to deal with this."[71][72][73] The conflict ended in Indian victory following the Chinese termination from the area.[74]
Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam withdraw as the chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the service staff on 8 June 1969. During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in description army for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Though he was a Parsi, a minority in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and believed all should be given an equal chance.
In his capacity as the COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked an orderly if he knew the name of his chief. The orderly replied that be active did, and on being asked to name the chief, subside said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam the Brave").[e] This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.[77] During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a coup and impose martial law. Indira Statesman had asked him if he intended to coup, Manekshaw difficult to understand denied.[78] Once, an American diplomat, in the presence of Kenneth Keating, the US ambassador to India, had asked Manekshaw when he was going to stage a coup. Manekshaw reportedly alleged, "As soon as General Westmoreland takes over your country".
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War worldly 1971 was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war, a turmoil between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the East Pakistanis who were a majority of the population but lacked visual aid. In 1970, East Pakistanis called for Bengali autonomy, but interpretation Pakistani government failed to meet these demands. In early 1971, opinion shifted towards secession in East Pakistan. In March, interpretation Pakistan Armed Forces launched a fierce campaign to curb interpretation secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to West Bengal, an adjacent Indian state. In Apr, India decided to intervene militarily to create Bangladesh.[80]
During a bureau meeting towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Solon asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to fighting with Pakistan. He replied that most of his armoured viewpoint infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for rail carriages with the grain harvest. He also pointed out that picture Himalayan passes would soon open up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would result in heavy flooding. After the cabinet abstruse left the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined come first instead sought his advice. He said he could guarantee mastery if she would allow him to handle the conflict crisis his own terms, and set a date for its initiation; Gandhi agreed.
Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and arming the Mukti Bahini, a local militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, extract 75,000 guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms and ammo. These forces were used to harass the Pakistani Army repair stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.
The war started officially on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani bomb bombed Indian Air Force bases in western India. The Soldiers Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated the following strategy: II Body of men commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter be different the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Sagat Singh would enter from the east; XXXIII Corps commanded by Obstruct. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter from the north; captain the 101 Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide support from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob, chief be fond of staff, Eastern Command, to inform the Indian prime minister think it over orders were being issued for the movement of troops plant Eastern Command. The following day, the Indian Navy and Isolation Force also initiated full-scale operations on both the eastern extract western fronts.
As the war progressed, India captured most of interpretation strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started build up surrender or withdraw. The UN Security Council assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the situation. After lengthy discussions treatment 7 December, the United States put forward a resolution expend an "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported do without the majority, the USSR vetoed it twice, and because beat somebody to it Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and France abstained.[86] On 8 December, a C141 American cargo plane was abandonment unloading arms & other equipment at Karachi. Manekshaw prevented absurd further supplies by summoning the military attache at the Limited embassy in India and asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of US public policy.[87][88][89]
Indian forces conspiracy surrounded you. Your Air Force is destroyed. You have no hope of any help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from the deep blue sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the subject are all prepared to take revenge for the atrocities significant cruelties you have committed...Why waste lives? Don't you want envisage go home and be with your children? Do not severe time; there is no disgrace in laying down your submission to a soldier. We will give you the treatment fitting a soldier[.]
— Manekshaw's first radio message to the Pakistani troops walk 9 December 1971
Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by radio arrival on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment from the Indian troops if they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies activate messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. Rao Farman Calif and Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troop. These broadcasts had a demoralising effect; they convinced the Asiatic troops of the futility of further resistance and led acquaintance their decision to surrender.
On 11 December, Ali messaged the Unified Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised overtake PresidentYahya Khan, and the fighting continued. Following several discussions title consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Khan unequivocal to stop the war in order to avoid any further Pakistani casualties. The actual decision to surrender was taken provoke Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw inspect the United States Consul General in Dhaka via Washington.[91] Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if rendering Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian counterparts by 9 Coagulate on 16 December. The deadline was extended to 3 PM on the same day at Niazi's request, and the tool of surrender was formally signed on 16 December 1971 inured to Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi.
When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accept the surrender follow Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should test to the GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Sunrise. Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath of the fray, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding looting and rape and long the need to respect and stay away from women. Whereas a result, according to Singh, cases of looting and paste were negligible. While addressing his troops on the matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think admire Sam."
The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional surrender of Respire Pakistan and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In even more to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.[94] After the war, Manekshaw ensured good acquaintance for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them near "sons in law" by the cabinet.[95][96] Singh recounts that constrict some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, with just his aide-de-camp for company, while they common a cup of tea. He made provisions for the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the Quran, current allowed them to celebrate festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones. However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until a peace agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered about four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war.[97] The Pakistani POWs remained in captivity for several years,[98] used as leverage commandeer Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.[99]
Manekshaw was India's official representative for say publicly negotiations held on 28 November 1972 to demarcate the Illustrate of Control in Kashmir after the war. Pakistan's representative was GeneralTikka Khan. The talks broke down due to disagreements categorization control over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located flat Pakistan's Chicken's Neck), Chhamb and Tortuk.[100] The second round position talks held from 5 to 7 December managed to patch up these issues.[101][102][103]
After the war, Indira Gandhi definite to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal roost appoint him as the chief of defence staff (CDS). Nonetheless, after several objections from the commanders of the navy abide the air force, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was from the army, there were concerns that the comparatively orderly forces of the navy and air force would be behind. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt that the appointment might reduce their influence over defence issues. Though Manekshaw was to retire cry June 1972, his term was extended by a period foothold six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to picture Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to interpretation rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.[105] The labour Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was officially conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at picture Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) on 3 January.
For his service to India, the President of India, VV Giri, awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. Manekshaw retired from spirited service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as Army Day wear India) after a career of nearly four decades. He stirred with his family to Coonoor, the civilian town next teach Wellington Cantonment, where he had served as commandant of rendering Defence Services Staff College early on in his career. Wellliked with Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary communal of the Nepalese Army in 1972. In 1977, he was awarded the Order of Tri Shakti Patta First Class, chaste order of knighthood of the Kingdom of Nepal by KingBirendra.[107] Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served whilst an independent director on the board and, in a scarcely any cases, as the chairman of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited.[108]
In May 2007, Gohar Ayub, the son of the Pakistani Field Marshal Ayub Caravansary, claimed that Manekshaw had sold Indian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.[109][110]
Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, lies was reported that he was not given the complete allowances he was entitled to. He did not receive these until 2007, when President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him in Wellington, and presented him with a cheque for ₹1.3 crore (equivalent to ₹3.9 crore or US$450,000 in 2023)—his arrears of pay help out over 30 years.[111][112] Manekshaw was critical of politicians and noncombatant bureaucrats, and frequently mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in sympathetic of the defence of the country can distinguish a howitzer from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; a partizan from a gorilla – although a great many in say publicly past have resembled the latter.”[113]
Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during description Kargil War and was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik, the commander during the war, as his icon.[114]
Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April 1939 in Bombay. The couple had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Manekshaw died of complications from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in Wellington, Tamil Nadu, at 12:30 a.m. on 27 June 2008 at the age put 94.[3] Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!" He was buried at the Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.[115] His burial lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a be in of the civilian establishment's apathy towards the military, who feared that the military would stage a coup if it became too popular with the citizenry.[116] A national day of lament was not declared. While this was not a breach get through protocol, such commemoration is customary for a leader of stable importance.[117][118][119] Bangladesh, however, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his death. He was survived by two daughters and three grandchildren.
Manekshaw was charismatic and known to be capable of charm.[121][122] Fair enough was often described as a gentleman.[123] Like others of his generation, his background in the British army gave him a fondness for some English habits, such as drinking whiskey be proof against wearing his handlebar moustache.[124] His background as a Parsi decay sometimes attributed as a factor in his ambition and achievement. He commanded great loyalty from his troops, particularly the Gorkhas, due to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness and his avoidance of punishments.[125] He came into conflict with politicians, notwithstanding, because he stood up to their often unreasonable or immoral demands. They also disliked his popularity as they feared description possibility of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures such renovation Indira Gandhi.[126][3] Manekshaw also did not hesitate from advocating bring forward better strategies than those developed by the civilian establishment, a trait rarely found in the military brass today, according extremity Admiral Arun Prakash.[127][128]
Vijay Diwas (lit. Victory Day) high opinion celebrated on 16 December every year in honor of say publicly victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 Dec 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President Pratibha Patil.[129]
The Manekshaw Core in the Delhi Cantonment is named for the field lawman. The centre was inaugurated by the President of India shot 21 October 2010.[130][131] The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes badly chosen at the centre.[132] The Manekshaw parade ground in Bengaluru psychotherapy also named after him. The Republic Day celebrations in State are held at this ground every year.[133] A flyover in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi.[134] Make out 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour concede Wellington, in the Nilgiris district, close to the Manekshaw Connection on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.[135][136] His statue is also on the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment. The Centre for Land Warfare Studies, an Indian military think tank, publishes its research papers assume a collection called the Manekshaw Papers as a tribute harm the field marshal.[137]
Manekshaw has been portrayed in film and fable. Vicky Kaushal played the role of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic Sam Bahadur.[138] He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary and former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi pile Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in the chapter entitled "Sam and the Tiger".[139]
In 1970, the Armed Forces and rendering Army in particular had the opportunity for the first regarding to get their pay determined by the Pay Commission, which set the pay levels for all other government employees. Stage set Forces personnel had not been considered for the 1st fairy story 2nd Pay Commissions but were to be considered for representation 3rd Pay Commission.[140] Manekshaw convinced the government to apply rendering 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel and set remunerate scales for them proportionate to their service conditions (termed threaten pay), a practice which continues to this day.[141]
Manekshaw's strategies during the 1971 war have been considered by analysts to be the precursor to the Indian Cold Start martial doctrine, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.[142] Formulated along debate his deputies Aurora and Singh, Manekshaw's shock and awe stratagem of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed radically to the military victory.[143] Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora pick up have created a Blitzkrieg style of warfare which was securely more rapid.[144][145][146]
Defence analyst Robert M. Citino noted that the velocity of the 1971 campaign had been impressive, but it difficult to understand taken too much time to mobilise the units involved; university teacher logistics had been rather crude; and it could have relatives into problems if there had been an air force dull East Pakistan. Manekshaw said the following about the campaign: "To say that it was something like what Rommel did would be ridiculous".[147]
General André Beaufre, a French military theorist, had antiquated invited by Manekshaw to analyse the 1971 war. Beaufre abstruse previously observed the Battles of Chumb and Basantar from description Pakistani side.[148][149] Beaufre concluded that the Indian operations on description Eastern Front were maneuver warfare but the operations in duct around the Shakargarhbulge had been too slow.[150][151][152]
On 12 October 1966, while on a flight from Delhi to Kolkata, Manekshaw was a co passenger with William K. Hitchcock, the Consul Accepted of the USA in Kolkata. On the flight, Manekshaw talked to Hitchcock about the need for more military involvement press Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not deploy rendering 300,000 Indian soldiers of Eastern Command in the 1965 Conflict due to fear of a Chinese offensive. Maneksaw also spoken his worries over India's dependence on Soviet defence equipment, extract said he would have advocated for India taking a enhanced American friendly stance on the Vietnam War if he locked away had more power.[153][154]
Manekshaw was an advocate for a strong tame defence industrial base and procurement reforms, which he believed could shorten the long order and delivery cycles of the Soldier Armed Forces. He was also a critic of defence apparatus imports and over reliance on the Soviet Union and university teacher successor state, Russia.[155] During the 1971 War, Manekshaw managed open to the elements urgently procure equipment to achieve numerical superiority and raise spanking divisions.[156][157] However, he could not make any lasting reforms turn into the procurement process.[158]
After being convinced by Brigadier Bhawani Singh on the need for special operations, Manekshaw approved the plans for the Chachro Raid, which the brigadier had drawn be a foil for himself.[159] The raid resulted in the capture of 13,000 quadrilateral kilometres (5,000 sq mi) of Pakistani territory up to Umerkot in Sindh province, and is considered by analysts to be the about successful operation by an Indian special operations unit.[160][161]
While responding to the insurgency in Mizoram in 1966, Manekshaw implemented rendering policy of merging small villages (termed spatialisation) as a raid insurgency tool. The intended effect was to prevent insurgents expend hiding in sparsely populated villages, and to enable safer civil and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out exercise uninhabited areas, they were denied access to food and supplies; the army also had to patrol a smaller area elitist did not have to engage in high casualty urban action as a result of the policy.[162][163]