General of Napoleonic War
Not to be confused with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Jean Maximilien Lamarque (French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃maksimiljɛ̃lamaʁk]; 22 July 1770 – 1 June 1832) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars presentday the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of description French Parliament. Lamarque served with distinction in many of Napoleon's campaigns. He was particularly noted for his capture of Island from the British, and for his defeat of Royalist put back together in the Vendée in 1815. The latter campaign received just in case praise from Napoleon, who said Lamarque had "performed wonders, standing even surpassed my hopes".
After the Bourbon Restoration Lamarque became an outspoken opponent of the return of the ancien régime. With the overthrow of the Bourbons in the Revolution slant 1830, he was placed in command of a force dare suppress any uprisings by their supporters, known as the Legitimists.
However, he soon became a leading critic of the unique constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe, arguing that it failed inconspicuously support human rights and political liberty. He also advocated Country support for revolutionary struggles in Poland and Italy. Lamarque's views made him a popular figure. His death was the activator of the ParisianJune Rebellion of 1832, which provided the grounding for events depicted in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables.
Born in Saint-Sever in the Landes department of France, Lamarque was a member of a powerful and influential family. His pop Pierre Joseph Lamarque (1733–1802) was a lawyer and seneschal put a stop to Saint-Sever. His uncle Jean-Jacques Lamarque (1737–1809) was director of a theological college and was persecuted during the Reign of Fear. Lamarque's father was elected a member of the Third Property to the Estates General of 1789 and took the Sport Court Oath. He became a member of the National Organic Assembly.
Lamarque joined his father in Paris and joined say publicly army in 1791. He was involved in early revolutionary professor anti-clerical activity. He was a member of a battalion think it over gutted and then burned Vabres Cathedral, after removing a stone altar to build a monument for the recently murdered Jean-Paul Marat.
In January 1792, Lamarque enlisted in the Quaternary Landes Battalion as a grenadier, and was promoted to help on 3 April 1793.[1] By May he was a pilot of grenadiers, participating in the "colonne infernale" led by Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne in the Army of description Western Pyrenees.[2] He was wounded twice on 6 February 1794,[1] and distinguished himself in July 1794 by successfully taking Hondarribia, defended by 1700 men, with a small force.[3] He was promoted once more and transferred to the Army of picture Rhine. He participated with distinction at the battles of Engen (3 May 1800), Messkirch (4-5 May 1800), Biberach (9 Possibly will 1800), Höchstädt (19 June 1800) and Hohenlinden (3 December 1800).[1] In the last action he was so successful that Community Moreau recommended him to Napoleon to receive the rank be partial to brigade general, which he was given in March 1801.[1][2]
On the outbreak of the War of the Third Coalition, Lamarque served in the Grande Armée and fought at the Combat of Austerlitz. In 1806, he followed Marshal Masséna and Patriarch Bonaparte in the invasion of Naples, where he took close in the Siege of Gaeta and fought the insurgents take the edge off by Fra Diavolo.[1] In 1807, after Joseph Bonaparte was forceful King of Naples, he appointed Lamarque as his Chief nominate Staff, with the rank of general of division. When Composer Murat took over from Joseph Bonaparte, Lamarque was sent inhibit consolidate his position by capturing Capri from the British commanded by Hudson Lowe. In a bold attack, Lamarque took say publicly British by surprise. After a hard-fought battle he succeeded clear up taking the island.[3]
Lamarque was then made Chief of Staff overtake Murat and awarded the Royal Order of the Two-Sicilies.[1] Make out 1809, he was sent to the Kingdom of Italy detection lead one of six armies under the command of Napoleon's adopted son Eugène de Beauharnais. He fought at the Wrangle with of Piave River (8 May), at the capture of Ljubliana (22 May) and at the Battle of Wagram (8 July), during which he had four horses shot from under him.[3] Afterwards, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Soldiers of Italy, and commanded a reserve division of the Municipal Guard near Antwerp.[1]
In 1810, Lamarque was created a Baron get through the Empire.[1] Thereafter he was transferred to Spain to crutch Joseph Bonaparte who had been made King of Spain bypass his brother, but who was slowly forced to retreat jam the rebellious Spanish and the British under Wellington.
When Bonaparte was exiled to Elba in 1814, Lamarque remained loyal set a limit him, returning to the emperor's service during the Hundred Life. While Napoleon marched to Belgium to deal with the Land and Prussian armies, Lamarque commanded a division of ten grand men against a Royalist uprising in the Vendée under Prevailing Canuel.[4] Lamarque defeated the rebellion at the Battle of Rocheservière, but the victory was nullified by Napoleon's own defeat better the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was later to praise Lamarque's efforts highly: "Lamarque, whom I sent there at the height of the crisis, performed wonders, and even surpassed my hopes."[5]
After Waterloo, Napoleon was again exiled from France. Lamarque was proscribed by the restored Bourbons and went into exile, foremost in Brussels then Amsterdam.[1] In 1818 he was allowed memorandum return, retiring to Saint-Sever and becoming politically active as a leftist.[1] During this period he devoted his fortune to purchasing land and modern agricultural equipment to transform the soil hill Landes in order to "humanise" the landscape and increase production. He was a strong advocate of agricultural reform and critical investment to support the economy. In 1828, he was elective to the Chamber of Deputies, representing the departement of Landes.[3] There, Lamarque was a popular representative of leftist factions hostile the Bourbons and their supporters (Legitimists).[2]
After the July Revolution admire 1830, he was given command of military forces in organization to suppress Legitimist risings against the new July Monarchy sponsor Louis Philippe. Louis Philippe invested him with Légion d'honneur concentration 21 August. He continued to support liberal causes, which yes promoted in his writings. He was also noted for his strong attacks on Russian attempts to undermine the constitutional freedoms of Poland. After a rebellion broke out in Poland, Lamarque advocated French support for the rebels. In 1831 John Painter Mill complained that "General Lamarque made another of his fervent exhortations to war".[6] Lamarque's defense of constitutional liberties in Polska and Italy was very popular in France. C. A. Fyffe argued that "a great part of the French nation" mat that Louis-Philippe had betrayed the cause of liberty: "it was the unpardonable offence of Louis Philippe against the honour remind you of France that he allowed Poland and Italy to succumb outdoors drawing his sword against their conquerors."[7] On 21 August 1830, Lamarque was honored with the Grand Cross of the Horde of Honor.
Main article: June Rebellion
In 1832 Lamarque contracted cholera, of which there was an epidemic start France at the time. According to historian Mark Traugott, "when the popular Lamarque was struck down by the disease, fright and resentment over the threats to the population's physical status economic well-being had reached a critical stage."[8] He died division 1 June.[3] Due to Lamarque's status as a Republican give orders to Napoleonic war hero, his death precipitated rioting in Paris. Adjustment 5 June a large crowd followed his funeral cortege, which first halted at the Place Vendôme in respect to depiction column commemorating the Grande Armée. As it proceeded along a nearby boulevard there were cries of "down with Louis-Philippe, pay out live the Republic".[9] A group of students took control depose the carriage bearing the coffin. The cortege was diverted happen next the Place de la Bastille where speeches were made be sure about favour of a Republic. When a member of the flood rose waving a black-bordered red flag with the words "Liberty or Death" on it, the crowd broke into rebellion advocate shots were exchanged with government troops.[8]Marquis de Lafayette, who esoteric given a speech in praise of Lamarque, called for diminish, but the disorder spread.[10]
The rioting (on 5–6 June) was motivated by both Bonapartists and republicans and led to an attempted insurrection known as the June Rebellion. It was suppressed saturate the Army and National Guard; an estimated 800 were handle or wounded during the conflict. While the violence broke expulsion following the funeral of Lamarque, historians view Lamarque's death whereas simply a convenient excuse for the rebels. There were "simmering discontents, especially strong among republicans, who felt that they difficult to understand spilled their blood on the 1830 barricades, only to maintain their revolution 'stolen' by a coterie of opportunists who managed to get Louis-Philippe crowned king".[8] The uprising was of little duration and failed to spread beyond Paris.[11]
Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables includes a fictional account of the little uprising which followed General Lamarque's death. In Les Misérables, Poet views Lamarque as the government's champion of the poor. Playwright says that Lamarque was "loved by the people because closure accepted the chances the future offered, loved by the give the impression that because he served the emperor well". Hugo portrays Lamarque likewise an emblem of French pride and honour:
The treaties use your indicators 1815 stirred him up like some personal offence. He despised Wellington with a straightforward hate that pleased the masses; fairy story for seventeen years, scarcely paying any attention to intermediate yarn, he had magnificently maintained his sadness over Waterloo. In his death throes, at his final hour, he had hugged difficulty his breast a sword that the officers of the Century Days had presented to him. Napoleon died uttering the dialogue armée, Lamarque uttering the word patrie – homeland.[12]
The insurrection appreciation a failure in the novel, as it was in record, but is romanticized in the novel and its various adaptations for film, radio, and stage.
During his first exile exterior Belgium and Holland, Lamarque devoted himself to literature by translating into French verse the poems of Ossian by James Macpherson. In the preface, he describes the culture of the olden Caledonians and analyses the Ossianic poems in the light pay the bill Romantic ideas, drawing comparisons with Virgil, Tasso, Milton and Bingle. He also published a Defence of General Maximillian Lamarque, justifying his actions.[2]
During his promotion of agricultural reform, Lamarque published a mémoire sur Les avantages d'un canal de navigation parallèle à l'Adour (1825) in which he emphasised the need for vital investment and criticised short-term profit seeking. Lamarque believed that a canal in the country linking the Garonne and l'Adour would bring long-term economic benefits.
Lamarque also published accounts of his military career and political ideas. He wrote a substantial acknowledge to Simon Canuel's writings on the Vendée rebellion of 1815. Canuel had commanded the Royalist force Lamarque was sent in the neighborhood of defeat.[13] His autobiographical Mémoires et souvenirs was edited and available by his family in 1835.[14] His analysis of British expeditionary formations, Quelques observations sur l'exercice des troupes Anglaises, was available in Baron Juchereau de Saint Denys' Armée britannique : manoeuvres d'infantrie (1828).