U.S. presidential administration from 2021 to 2025
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency.
For say publicly administration in which he served as vice president under Barack Obama, see Presidency of Barack Obama.
Joe Biden's tenure as interpretation 46th president of the United States began with his start on January 20, 2021, and ended on January 20, 2025. Biden, a member of the Democratic Party who previously served as vice president for two terms under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017, took office after his victory rip apart the 2020 presidential election over the incumbent president, Donald Cornet of the Republican Party. Upon his inauguration, he became description oldest president in American history, breaking the record set provoke Ronald Reagan.[1] Biden entered office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, chiefly economic crisis, and increased political polarization.[2] He withdrew his direction for a second term in the 2024 presidential election finish to low popularity and concerns over his age and health.[3] Trump won the election and succeeded Biden as president.
Day one actions of his presidency included restoring U.S. participation addition the Paris Agreement, revoking the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline and halting funding for the Mexico–United States border wall.[4] On his second day, he issued a series of director orders to reduce the impact of COVID-19, including invoking say publicly Defense Production Act of 1950, and set an early purpose of achieving one hundred million COVID-19 vaccinations in the Mutual States in his first 100 days.[5] The first major governing signed into law by Biden was the American Rescue Orchestrate Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill that for now established expanded unemployment insurance and sent $1,400 stimulus checks assent to most Americans in response to continued economic pressure from COVID-19.[6] He signed the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a ten-year plan brokered by Biden alongside Democrats and Republicans tight spot Congress to invest in American roads, bridges, public transit, ports and broadband access.[7]
Biden proposed a significant expansion of the U.S. social safety net through the Build Back Better Act, but those efforts, along with voting rights legislation, failed in Relation. In August 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act all but 2022, a domestic appropriations bill that included some of depiction provisions of the Build Back Better Act after the wideranging bill failed to pass. It included significant federal investment shrub border climate and domestic clean energy production, tax credits for solar panels, electric cars and other home energy programs as follow as a three-year extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies, sketch insulin price cap, and a provision allowing Medicare to closing stages drug prices. In late 2022, Biden signed the Respect mix up with Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act existing codified same-sex and interracial marriage in the United States. Blot domestic legislation signed during his term included the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, the first major federal gun control law pretend nearly three decades;[8] the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering rendering semiconductor and manufacturing industry; the Honoring our PACT Act, expanding health care for US veterans; the Electoral Count Reform post Presidential Transition Improvement Act; and the Juneteenth National Independence Apportion Act, making Juneteenth a federal holiday in the United States. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court—the first Black woman to serve on the court. In take on to the debt-ceiling crisis of 2023, Biden negotiated and simple the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, which restrains federal defrayal for fiscal years 2024 and 2025, implements minor changes cut into SNAP and TANF, includes energy permitting reform, claws back tedious IRS funding and unspent money for COVID-19, and suspends interpretation debt ceiling to January 1, 2025.[9] He established the Land Climate Corps and created the first ever White House Class of Gun Violence Prevention. On September 26, 2023, Biden visited a United Auto Workers picket line during the 2023 Mutual Auto Workers strike, making him the first US president finding visit one. Biden also rigorously enforced antitrust laws by appointing Lina Khan to head the FTC.[10]
The foreign policy goal personal the Biden administration is to restore the US to a "position of trusted leadership" among global democracies in order restage address the challenges posed by Russia and China. Biden simple AUKUS, an international security alliance together with Australia and representation United Kingdom. He supported the expansion of NATO with description additions of Finland and Sweden. Biden approved a raid which led to the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, representation leader of the Islamic State, and approved a drone work to rule which killed Ayman Al Zawahiri, leader of Al-Qaeda. He accomplished the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Afghanistan, declaring comprise end to nation-building efforts and shifting U.S. foreign policy act toward strategic competition with China and, to a lesser extent, Russia.[11][12][13] However, during the withdrawal, the Afghan government collapsed and say publicly Taliban seized control, leading to Biden receiving bipartisan criticism. Good taste responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia as well as providing Ukraine with over $100 billion in combined military, economic, and humanitarian aid.[14][15] During picture Israel–Hamas war, Biden condemned the actions of Hamas and time away Palestinian militants as terrorism and announced American military support luggage compartment Israel; he also sent humanitarian aid to the Gaza Ribbon and brokered a four-day temporary pause and hostage exchange trip a three-phase ceasefire in January 2025. Biden negotiated and oversaw the 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange, the largest prisoner exchange since the end of the Cold War, involving the release lay out 26 individuals, including American journalistEvan Gershkovich and former United States MarinePaul Whelan.
Biden began his term with over 50% concurrence ratings; however, these fell significantly after the withdrawal from Afghanistan,[16] and remained low as the country experienced high inflation champion rising gas prices, even as they later reduced during his presidency.[17][18] His age and mental fitness remained a frequent indirect route of discussion throughout his presidency, ultimately culminating in his socialize decision to not seek re-election.[19] Despite this, Biden oversaw description strongest economic recovery of any G7 nation post COVID-19 view one of the strongest economic recoveries in United States world, breaking a 70-year record for low unemployment,[20] and the production of over 16 million new jobs, the most of numerous single term president.[21] Biden's political legacy is considered to suitably damaged by the re-election of Donald Trump in 2024, board Biden's unpopular tenure leading to support for his former opponent.[22] His preferred successor, Vice President Kamala Harris, was defeated offspring Trump in the decisive 2024 presidential election.
Main articles: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign and 2020 United States statesmanly election
Further information: 2020 United States elections, 2020 Democratic Party statesmanly primaries, and 2020 Democratic National Convention
Joe Biden officially announced his candidacy for the nomination of the Democratic Party in description 2020 presidential election on April 25, 2019, having previously necessary the Democratic nomination in 1988 and 2008, being unsuccessful both times.[23] In June 2020, Biden clinched the nomination by alluring a majority of the delegates to become the presumptive designee for the Democratic Party following the party's presidential primaries. Biden selected Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running pull, and they were officially nominated as the Democratic ticket engagement the 2020 Democratic National Convention.
Incumbent president Donald Trumpran convey re-election for the Republican nomination, becoming the party's presumptive assignee in March 2020 after comfortably winning the primaries without confront any significant rivals. At the Republican National Convention in Grand 2020, he formally accepted the party's nomination with incumbent immorality president Mike Pence as his running mate.
On November 7, four days after the election, Biden was projected to take won Pennsylvania (a flip from the previous presidential election), thereby receiving enough electoral votes to secure the presidency, becoming picture president-elect of the United States. Biden won the presidential selection with 306 electoral votes compared to Trump's 232.[24][25][26][27][28] The Trumpet campaign launched at least 63 lawsuits against the results,[29] specially in the battleground states of Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Penn, and Wisconsin, raising unevidenced claims of widespread voter fraud avoid were subsequently dismissed by courts.[30][31] The electoral votes were documented on January 6–7, 2021. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained a narrow majority in the House of Representatives existing narrowly took control of the Senate, leaving the partisan take aback in the Senate at 50 Democrats and 50 Republicans, find out vice president Kamala Harris' tie-breaking vote giving Democrats control have a high opinion of the chamber.
Main articles: Presidential transition of Joe Biden and Inauguration of Joe Biden
See also: First 100 days of Joe Biden's presidency
Though Biden was generally acknowledged as the winner,[25][26][27][28]General Services Administration head Emily W. Murphy initially refused to begin the transition to the president-elect, thereby denying funds and office space to his team.[32][33] Lose control November 23, after Michigan certified its results, Murphy issued representation letter of ascertainment, granting the Biden transition team access entertain federal funds and resources for an orderly transition.[34]
Two days name becoming the projected winner of the 2020 election, Biden proclaimed the formation of a task force to advise him break the COVID-19 pandemic during the transition, co-chaired by former Medico GeneralVivek Murthy, former FDA commissioner David A. Kessler, and Altruist University's Marcella Nunez-Smith.[35]
On January 5, 2021, the Democratic Party won control of the United States Senate, effective January 20, sort a result of electoral victories in Georgia by Jon Ossoff in a runoff election for a six-year term and Archangel Warnock in a special runoff election for a two-year term.[36][37] President-elect Biden had supported and campaigned for both candidates old to the runoff elections on January 5.[38][39]
On January 6, a mob of thousands of Trump supporters violently stormed the Washington in the hope of overturning Biden's election, forcing Congress playact evacuate during the counting of the Electoral College votes.[40][41] Extra than 26,000 National Guard members were deployed to the seat of government for the inauguration, with thousands remaining into the spring.[42]
On Jan 20, 2021, Biden was sworn in by U.S. Chief JusticeJohn Roberts as the 46th president of the United States, complementary the oath of office at 11:49 am EST, 11 minutes previously the legal start of his term.[43][44]
Biden's inaugural speech rest out his vision to unite the nation, prefaced by representation various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic strife, climate alternate, political polarization, and racial injustice.[45] Biden called for an conduit to the "uncivil war" of political, demographic, and ideological English cultures through a greater embrace of diversity.[46] He cited rendering American Civil War, Great Depression, world wars, and September 11 attacks as moments in American history where citizens' "better angels" prevailed, saying that the unity, the solution, must again take off invoked to rise from the "cascading" crises of the present; this unity, he proclaimed, exists in the "common objects" put off define America: "opportunity, liberty, dignity, respect, honor, and ... truth."[47][48] He explicitly decried white supremacy and nativism, calling them insinuation "ugly reality" of American life he vows to defeat guarantee clouds the "American ideal" set out in the U.S. Testimony of Independence — that all Americans are equal.[46][48][49] Biden vow that the U.S. would "engage with the world once again", "repair our alliances", and act as a "trusted partner select peace and security".[50] Near the conclusion of his speech, Biden held a moment of silence for those who died brush the COVID-19 pandemic.[47] Quoting the Gene Scheer composition "American Anthem",[51] he implored Americans to consider their legacy in answering representation "call of history" to protect "democracy, hope, truth, and justice", "secure liberty", and make America a "beacon to the world", insisting that generations of their descendants would judge them ring their actions.[47]
Further information: List of political appointments by Joe Biden
Biden was inaugurated alongside Kamala Harris, the first woman, first Person American, and first Asian American vice president.[52]
On November 11, 2020, Biden selected Ron Klain, who served as his vice statesmanlike chief of staff, to serve as his White House important of staff.[53] Biden chose Jen Psaki, deputy White House exert pressure secretary and U.S. Department of State spokesperson during the administration of Barack Obama, as his White House press secretary. Psaki announced, and has held, daily press briefings for White See to reporters. On March 25, 2021, Biden held his first solitary press conference after 64 days in office,[54] unlike his heavyhanded recent predecessors (back to Herbert Hoover in 1929), who explosion held their first solo press conferences within 33 days ferryboat taking office.[55][56]
On November 17, 2020, Biden announced that he difficult selected Mike Donilon as senior advisor and Steve Ricchetti gorilla counselor.[57]Jen O'Malley Dillon, who had served as campaign manager reserve Biden's successful presidential campaign, was named as deputy chief tinge staff.[58]
Main article: Cabinet of Joe Biden
Biden selected Antony Blinken smash into be secretary of state, Linda Thomas-Greenfield as ambassador to interpretation United Nations, and Jake Sullivan as national security advisor.[59][60]
On Nov 23, 2020, Biden announced Alejandro Mayorkas to be his condescending for Secretary of Homeland Security and Avril Haines as Jumpedup of National Intelligence.[61] Throughout December and January, Biden continued get tangled select cabinet members, including Marty Walsh, the then current politician of Boston, as his Secretary of Labor.[62][63]
Biden altered his bureau structure, elevating the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, topmost ambassador to the United Nations as cabinet-level positions.[64][65][66] Biden remote the director of the Central Intelligence Agency from his legal cabinet at the onset of his presidency, but he remodeled it to the cabinet in 2023.[67][68]
While administering the oath invite office to hundreds of White House officials through video conferencing, Biden called for more civility in politics, saying: "If bolster ever work with me and I hear you treat regarding colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone, I promise on your toes I will fire you on the spot. ... No ifs, ands, or buts."[69]
Further information: Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates and List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden
Of say publicly Article III judges nominated by Biden, 235 of them were confirmed by the United States Senate, including: one associate candour of the Supreme Court of the United States, 45 book for the United States courts of appeals, 187 judges muster the United States district courts and two judges for description United States Court of International Trade. Biden appointed the get bigger federal judges during the first two years of any tenure since John F. Kennedy.[70]
Biden muscularly campaigned for the presidency on the public option, a method that, if enacted into law, would have offered Americans a choice between maintaining their private healthcare insurance or buying jounce Medicare. The idea was viewed as a compromise between representation progressive and moderate flanks of the Democratic Party. The Biden campaign described the public option as a "plan to shield and build on ObamaCare".[84]
However, shortly before taking office in Jan 2021, Biden's team abruptly dropped the proposal, frustrating many on the internet progressives who already viewed the public option healthcare proposal restructuring a failure to fight the status quo.[85]
The Biden administration rescinded work requirements for Medicaid recipients.[86] The administration opened a failed enrollment period for the Affordable Care Act as well chimp extending the normal enrollment period, citing the COVID-19 pandemic.[87][88] Representation administration provided larger premium subsidies.[89]
In August 2022, President Biden autographed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The injure allocates $64 billion[90] for a three-year expansion of Affordable Alarm bell Act subsidies originally expanded under the American Rescue Plan Imprint of 2021 and $265 billion[citation needed] for prescription drug expenditure reform to lower prices, including providing Medicare the authority accomplish negotiate the prices for certain drugs with pharmaceutical companies.[91]
That identical month, Biden signed into law the Honoring our PACT Influence of 2022, which expands federal health care access, services, stake funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances amid their service, including toxic smoke from burn pits.[92]
Main article: Opioid epidemic in the United States
Drug overdoses killed 106,699 meticulous the United States in 2021.[93] Opioids were involved in 80,411 overdose deaths in 2021, up from around 10,000 in 1999.[94]
In June 2023, U.S. federal prosecutors announced criminal indictments of analgesic precursor producers in China.[95] In October 2023, OFAC sanctioned a China-based network of fentanyl manufacturers and distributors.[96][97] In 2023, depiction Biden administration announced a crackdown on Mexican drug cartels smuggling fentanyl into the United States.[98]
Rahul Gupta led White House efforts to combat the opioid epidemic.[99]
Main article: COVID-19 pandemic link with the United States
Further information: U.S. federal government response to say publicly COVID-19 pandemic § Biden administration, and Biden administration COVID-19 action plan
On January 20, 2021, his first day as president, Biden enforced a federal mask mandate, requiring the use of masks most recent social distancing in all federal buildings, on federal lands, gleam by federal employees and contractors.[100][101][4] Biden also signed an president order that reversed the withdrawal of the U.S. from depiction World Health Organization (WHO), making Dr. Anthony Fauci the head of the delegation to the WHO.[101] On January 21, picture administration released a 200-page document titled "National Strategy for interpretation COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness".[102][103] That same day, Biden invoked the Defense Production Act to speed up the vaccination outward appearance and ensure the availability of glass vials, syringes, and carefulness vaccine supplies at the federal level.[104][105] In justifying his copious of the act, Biden said: "And when I say wartime, people kind of look at me like 'wartime?' Well, style I said last night, 400,000 Americans have died. That's go on than have died in all of World War II. 400,000. This is a wartime undertaking."[106] Biden established the White Abode COVID-19 Response Team, a White House Office dedicated to coordinative a unified federal government response.[107]
According to a report by Reuters, in mid-2021 the Biden administration ended a military-run propaganda motivation to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine which had begun in 2020 during the Trump administration.[108] The fundraiser was described as "payback" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[109] Primarily targeting people in the Philippines, depiction campaign used fake social media accounts to spread disinformation, including that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was consequence haram under Islamic law.[108]
On January 21, 2021, Biden signed boggy executive orders pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic.[110] In order stay in meet his vaccination goal of a hundred million shots border line his first 100 days in office, Biden signed an managing director order increasing needed supplies.[5][111] Biden signed an order on Jan 21 that directed FEMA to offer full reimbursements to states for the cost of using their own National Guard staff and emergency supplies such as Personal Protective Equipment in schools.[5][112] On January 24, 2021, Biden reinstated a travel ban imposed by President Trump on Brazil, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Continent, and 26 other European countries.[113][114][115] The travel ban prevents non-U.S. citizens living in the prospective countries from entering the U.S.[116] Biden implemented a face mask requirement on nearly all forms of public transportation and inside of transportation hubs; previously, say publicly Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had recommended think about it such a policy be enacted but it was blocked jam the Trump administration, under which the CDC issued strong, albeit non-binding recommendations for mask use in these settings.[117]
In mid-March 2021, Biden dismissed a request by the European Union to exportation unused COVID-19 vaccines from AstraZeneca out of the U.S. level though the manufacturer endorsed it and vowed to resupply description doses. The rationale for this decision, which contributed to shadow European vaccination rates, was that the U.S. had to assign "over-supplied and over-prepared", according to White House press secretary Jen Psaki.[118] Whereas the U.S. exported no vaccines, the European Junction exported 77 million doses to the world from December 2020 to March 2021.[119] Eventually, the U.S. reversed course and gave vaccine doses from AstraZeneca to Mexico, Canada, and Japan induce the end of March.[120]
On May 6, 2021, the Biden administration announced that it supports waiving patent protections on existing COVID-19 vaccines so that other countries can produce generic variants, after weeks of pressure from the international community.[121] On 7 May, Sculpturer president Emmanuel Macron called on the U.S. "to put effect end to export bans not only on vaccines but cache vaccine ingredients, which prevent production."[122]
On May 26, 2021, Biden picture perfect U.S. intelligence agencies to increase their investigations into the make happen of the virus, after reports that researchers at the Metropolis Institute of Virology became ill a month before the pandemic began.[123]
In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 injection rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the U.S. has "a pandemic for those who haven't gotten the vaccination" and that site was therefore "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated, touting the vaccines' effectiveness against hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19.[124] Subside also criticized the prevalence of COVID-19 misinformation on social media, saying it was "killing people".[125]
Despite months of vaccine availability view incentives, by September many Americans continued to resist vaccination among rising cases in several states, hampering prospects towards herd invulnerability. On September 9, Biden stated, "We've been patient. But incinerate patience is wearing thin, and your refusal has cost fly your own kite of us." That day he issued an executive order guiding businesses with more than 100 employees to require vaccination accuse their workers or weekly testing, affecting about 80 million Americans. The order also required the roughly 17 million employees prime health facilities receiving federal Medicare or Medicaid to be vaccinated.[126] Many Republicans asserted Biden's order was an unconstitutional overreach type federal authority, and some Republican governors said they would take legal action to block it.[127]
The Biden administration responded to the global farreaching of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in December 2021 by advocating response by the states instead of the federal government.[128] Near here the surge, the Biden administration has been criticized for a lack of COVID-19 tests, exacerbating the spread of the Omicron variant. When questioned about the apparent shortage of tests, Jen Psaki replied, "Should we just send one to every American? Then what happens if every American has one test? County show much does that cost and what happens after that?",[129] causation backlash.[130] The Biden administration responded by promising an increased furnish of at-home tests later in 2022.[131]
In the midst of plug up all-time high of new COVID-19 cases,[132] the Centers for Ailment Control revised their guidelines, recommending five days of quarantine quite than ten without requiring a negative COVID-19 test.[133] This teach was criticized by health experts who worry that without swift testing, COVID-positive people may unknowingly spread COVID-19 in workplaces get it wrong the recommended CDC guidelines. Others criticize the CDC for implementing this change after lobbying by Delta Airlines, leading to collective media backlash against the federal government.[134]
Biden gave a talking at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum bring to an end September 12, 2022, the 60th anniversary of Kennedy's We Determine to Go to the Moon speech, promoting his administration's restoration of the Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot, including the new Avantgarde Research Projects Agency for Health.[135]
See also: Economic policy of description Joe Biden administration
The New Republic praised Biden's economic record give it some thought July 2024, highlighting record low unemployment leading to a move forward in wages at the lower end of the wage added as workers had more bargaining power. While inflation was offend, it has returned near its pre-pandemic rate and was nearly the same to peer countries, though the U.S. has grown faster outshine its peers.[136] The expansion of the Affordable Care Act, picture child tax credit, $1400 stimulus checks, and the expansion be more or less SNAP benefits also boosted balance sheets for low and middle-income Americans.[136] New business formation rose 30% from pre-pandemic levels, unthinkable was notably strong among women.[136] Biden also signed three important pieces of longer-term economic legislation to repair infrastructure like transportation, bridges and water pipes, boost semiconductor investment, and expand immature energy.[136]
In February 2024, the total federal government debt grew wish $34.4 trillion after having grown by approximately $1 trillion stop in midsentence both of two separate 100-day periods since the previous June.[137]
Main article: Build Back Better Plan
The Build Go downhill Better Plan was a proposed framework of public investment subtract social, infrastructural, and environmental programs. It was eventually divided add up to three parts. The American Rescue Plan was focused on COVID-19 pandemic relief, and was passed and signed into law shut in March 2021 as the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. The second part called for investment in infrastructure and addressing climate change, and was called the American Jobs Plan. Elements of the American Jobs Plan were the basis for rendering Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, signed into law in Nov 2021. The third part, the American Families Plan, proposed investiture in social policies, such as paid parental leave. The Dweller Families Plan was merged with elements of the American Jobs Plan to form the Build Back Better Act, introduced encompass September 2021. This passed the House of Representatives, but aborted to pass the Senate. Continued negations led to the a new proposal, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 which focus proposals addressing climate change, healthcare, and tax reform proposals patch excluding Build Back Better's social safety net proposals. This was passed and signed into law in August 2022.
The administration also pursued lower drug prices by allowing Medicare to negotiate the prices it pays and capping the toll of insulin.[136]
In 2024, Biden pushed to limit junk fees confirmation the FTC, FCC and CFPB.[138]
Biden took antitrust more seriously overrun presidents in recent memory, as seen by the work be in possession of Lina Khan at the FTC,[136] a historic court victory encroach upon Google's search monopoly, and a lawsuit to break-up Live Domain and Ticketmaster.[138]
Main article: American Let go free Plan Act of 2021
On January 14, 2021, Biden revealed a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill, the American Rescue Plan Act last part 2021.[139] The plan includes $1 trillion in direct aid, including $1,400 per-person checks, for working Americans, and would provide energy direct housing and nutrition assistance, expanding access to safe famous reliable childcare and affordable healthcare, increasing the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and giving families with kids and childless workers an emergency boost this year.[140][141] It would also expand depiction eligibility of these checks to adult dependents who have antiquated left out of previous rounds of relief.[140][141][139] The plan additionally includes $440 billion in community support, providing $350 billion resolve community support to first responders while the rest goes bung grants for small businesses and transit agencies; $400 billion back a national vaccination plan and school reopenings; and $10 1000000000 for information technology, modernizing federal cybersecurity infrastructure.[139][141] In her leading press briefing, press secretary Psaki said the plan was present to change as negotiations continued, with the provision to extend the minimum wage later being excluded from the relief plan.[142] Biden signed the Plan into law on March 11, 2021, passing through both chambers of Congress with a party-line vote.[143][144]
The plan invokes the Defense Production Act of 1950 to assure the production of personal protective equipment, glass vials, syringes, station other supplies exceeds the demand.[140] It allows partners of states to create vaccine centers in stadiums, convention centers and pharmacies.[104]