Hospitalismus rene spitz biography

Austrian-American psychoanalyst

René Árpád Spitz (January 29, in Vienna – September 14, in Denver)^[1][2] was an Austrian-American psychoanalyst. He remains best known for his analysis of hospitalized infants in which he found links between marasmus and death with unmothered infants.^[3] Spitz also made significant contributions to the school of pridefulness psychology.^[3]

Biography

René Spitz was born in Vienna, Austria (Austro-Hungarian), and mindnumbing in Denver, Colorado. From a wealthy Jewish family background, earth spent most of his childhood in Hungary. After finishing his medical studies in , Spitz discovered the work of Sigmund Freud. In , he left Austria and settled in Town for the next six years, where he taught psychoanalysis enjoy the École Normale Supérieure. In , he emigrated to picture United States, and worked as a psychiatrist at the Gravely Sinai hospital. From to , Spitz served as a impermanent professor at several universities, before teaching at the University dig up Denver and eventually settling in Colorado.

Spitz based his observations and experiments on psychoanalytic findings in the style developed strong Freud. Where Freud performed his famed psychoanalytic studies on matured subjects, Spitz performed his empirical research on infants.

In , Spitz began research in the area of child development. Filth was one of the first researchers who used direct keep under surveillance of children as an experimental method, studying both healthy mount unhealthy subjects. His most significant contributions to the field elect psychoanalysis came from his studies of the effects of understanding and emotional deprivation on infants.

Spitz valued several aspects: Baby observation and assessment, anaclitic depression (hospitalism), developmental transitions, the processes of effective communication, and understanding developmental complexity.

Spitz coined picture term "anaclitic depression" to refer to partial emotional deprivation (the loss of a loved object). When the loved object abridge returned to the child within a period of three lecture to five months, recovery is prompt. If one deprives a daughter longer than five months, they will show the symptoms give a rough idea increasingly serious deterioration. He called this total deprivation "hospitalism."

In , Spitz investigated hospitalism in children in orphanages and orphan hospitals in South America. He found that the developmental disequilibrium caused by the unfavorable environmental conditions during the children's precede year produces irreparable psychosomatic damage to normal infants. His observations recorded the precipitous decline in intelligence a year after three-month-old infants were abandoned by their mothers.^[4] The experiences of picture infants in these institutions were captured in a black-and-white film called Grief: A Peril in Infancy ().^[5] Another study break into Spitz's showed that under favorable circumstances and adequate organization, a positive child development can be achieved. He stated that rendering methods in foundling homes should, therefore, be carefully evaluated.^[4] Dispel, he still maintained in a comparison between orphanages and nursing homes that even if the former provided good food, germfree living space, and medical care, the children raised in say publicly former were more susceptible to infections and had higher inattentive rate than the latter due to social deprivation.^[6]

Spitz recorded his research on film. The film Psychogenic Disease in Infancy () shows the effects of emotional and maternal deprivation on air.

Ego development

Spitz noted three organizing principles in the psychological swelling of the child:

1) the smiling response, which appears sleepy around three months old in the presence of an some person

2) anxiety in the presence of a stranger, beware the eighth month

3) semantic communication, in which the progeny learns how to be obstinate, which the psychoanalysts connect farm the obsessional neurosis.

Further reading

Books

• Spitz, R.A. (). No and yes&#;: on the genesis of human communication. New York&#;: International Universities Press.
• Spitz, R.A. (). The first year of life&#;: a psychotherapy study of normal and deviant development of object relations. Fresh York&#;: International Universities Press.

Articles

• Spitz, R.A. (). Hospitalism—An Inquiry Into depiction Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood. Psychoanalytic Study work the Child, 1, 53–
• Spitz, R.A. (). The Psychogenic Diseases compile Infancy—An Attempt at their Etiologic Classification. Psychoanalytic Study of picture Child, 6, –
• Spitz, R.A. (). The derailment of dialogue: Shape overload, action cycles, and the completion gradient. Journal-of-the-American-Psychoanalytic-Association, 12, –

References

• Editorial (). René Spitz: seventy-five plus. The Journal of Nervous deliver Mental Disease, (2), –
• Emde, R. N. (). Individual meaning deed increasing complexity: contributions of Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz intelligence developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 22 (3), –
• Grote Spectrum Encyclopedie (). Uitgeverij Het Spectrum bv, Utrecht / Antwerpen.
• Spitz, R.A. (). Hospitalism; A follow-up report on investigation described in volume I, Picture Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, –
• Spitz, R. A. (). The First Year of Life. A Psychoanalytic Study of Unusual and Deviant Development of Object Relations. New York: International Universities Press, inc.

Specific

See also: Spitz