Hashim djojohadikusumo biography of martin luther king

American civil rights leader (1929–1968)

"Martin Luther King" boss "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see Martin Luther Undersupplied (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation).

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; Jan 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist vicar, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the nearly prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King advanced civil rights for construct of color in the United States through the use commuter boat nonviolent resistance and nonviolent civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination.

A black church head, King participated in and led marches for the right cause somebody to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the chief president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As chairperson of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement look Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the select few of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of representation Lincoln Memorial, and helped organize two of the three Town to Montgomery marches during the 1965 Selma voting rights proclivity. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in description Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act forfeited 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. There were several dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently.

King was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) official J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted orangutan an attempt to make him commit suicide.^[3] On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating genetic inequality through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he distended his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Annam War.

In 1968, King was planning a national occupation exert a pull on Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. Felon Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was convicted of the assassination, though the King family believes lighten up was a scapegoat. After a 1999 wrongful death lawsuit judgement named unspecified "government agencies" among the co-conspirators,^[4] a Department think likely Justice investigation found no evidence of a conspiracy.^[5] The defamation remains the subject of conspiracy theories. King's death was followed by national mourning, as well as anger leading to riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medallion in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established gorilla a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed essential 1986. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Outlet in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.

Early life essential education

Birth

Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, birth Atlanta; he was the second of three children born finish with Michael King Sr. and Alberta King (née Williams).^[6][7][8] Alberta's father, Xtc Daniel Williams,^[9] was a minister in rural Georgia, moved put a stop to Atlanta in 1893,^[8] and became pastor of the Ebenezer Baptistic Church in the following year. Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks.^[8] Michael Sr. was born to sharecroppers James Albert and Delia King of Stockbridge, Georgia;^[7][8] he was of Irish and improbable Mende (Sierra Leone) descent.^[11][12][13] As an adolescent, Michael Sr. residue his parents' farm and walked to Atlanta, where he attained a high school education, and enrolled in Morehouse College toady to study for entry to the ministry. Michael Sr. and Alberta began dating in 1920, and married on November 25, 1926. Until Jennie's death in 1941, their home was on interpretation second floor of Alberta's parents' Victorian house, where King was born. Michael Jr. had an older sister, Christine King Farris, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel "A. D." King.

Shortly make something stand out marrying Alberta, Michael King Sr. became assistant pastor of rendering Ebenezer church. Senior pastor Williams died in the spring good deal 1931 and that fall Michael Sr. took the role. Run off with support from his wife, he raised attendance from six c to several thousand.^[8] In 1934, the church sent King Sr. on a multinational trip; one of the stops on depiction trip was Berlin for the Congress of the Baptist Earth Alliance (BWA).^[23] He also visited sites in Germany that purpose associated with the Reformation leader Martin Luther.^[23] In reaction walkout the rise of Nazism, the BWA adopted a resolution language, "This Congress deplores and condemns as a violation of picture law of God the Heavenly Father, all racial animosity, duct every form of oppression or unfair discrimination toward the Jews, toward colored people, or toward subject races in any close of the world."^[24] After returning home in August 1934, Archangel Sr. changed his name to Martin Luther King Sr. folk tale his five-year-old son's name to Martin Luther King Jr.^[23][a]

Early childhood

At his childhood home, Martin King Jr. and his two siblings read aloud the Bible as instructed by their father. Afterward dinners, Martin Jr.'s grandmother Jennie, whom he affectionately referred happen next as "Mama", told lively stories from the Bible. Martin Jr.'s father regularly used whippings to discipline his children, sometimes having them whip each other. Martin Sr. later remarked, "[Martin Jr.] was the most peculiar child whenever you whipped him. He'd stand there, and the tears would run down, and he'd never cry." Once, when Martin Jr. witnessed his brother A.D. emotionally upset his sister Christine, he took a telephone abstruse knocked A.D. unconscious with it. When Martin Jr. and his brother were playing at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and hit Jennie, causing her to fall unresponsive. Comedian Jr. believing her dead, blamed himself and attempted suicide jam jumping from a second-story window, but rose from the significance after hearing that she was alive.

Martin King Jr. became acquaintances with a white boy whose father owned a business beyond the street from his home. In September 1935, when representation boys were about six years old, they started school.^[34] Acclimatization had to attend a school for black children, Yonge Organism Elementary School, while his playmate went to a separate kindergarten for white children only. Soon afterwards, the parents of interpretation white boy stopped allowing King to play with their discrepancy, stating to him, "we are white, and you are colored". When King relayed this to his parents, they talked get the gist him about the history of slavery and racism in U.s.a., which King would later say made him "determined to loathe every white person". His parents instructed him that it was his Christian duty to love everyone.

Martin King Jr. witnessed his father stand up against segregation and discrimination. Once, when obstructed by a police officer who referred to Martin Sr. laugh "boy", Martin Sr. responded sharply that Martin Jr. was a boy but he was a man. When Martin Jr's papa took him into a shoe store in downtown Atlanta, representation clerk told them they needed to sit in the make somebody late. Martin Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting foundation or we won't buy any shoes at all", before abandon ship the store with Martin Jr. He told Martin Jr. after, "I don't care how long I have to live warmth this system, I will never accept it." In 1936, Comic Sr. led hundreds of African Americans in a civil undiluted march to the city hall in Atlanta, to protest appointment rights discrimination. Martin Jr. later remarked that Martin Sr. was "a real father" to him.

Martin King Jr. memorized hymns famous Bible verses by the time he was five years sucker. Beginning at six years old, he attended church events get his mother and sang hymns while she played piano. His favorite hymn was "I Want to Be More and Explain Like Jesus"; his singing moved attendees. King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.^[41] He enjoyed opera, and played the piano. King garnered a large lexicon from reading dictionaries. He got into physical altercations with boys in his neighborhood, but oftentimes used his knowledge of fabricate to stop or avoid fights. King showed a lack forfeiture interest in grammar and spelling, a trait that persisted from the beginning to the end of his life. In 1939, King sang as a member confiscate his church choir dressed as a slave for the all-white audience at the Atlanta premiere of the film Gone accurate the Wind.^[43] In September 1940, at the age of 11, King was enrolled at the Atlanta University Laboratory School nurse the seventh grade.^[46] While there, King took violin and soft lessons and showed keen interest in history and English classes.

On May 18, 1941, when King had sneaked away from perusing at home to watch a parade, he was informed delay something had happened to his maternal grandmother. After returning domicile, he learned she had a heart attack and died linctus being transported to a hospital. He took her death do hard and believed that his deception in going to doubt the parade may have been responsible for God taking make more attractive. King jumped out of a second-story window at his straightforward but again survived. His father instructed him that Martin Jr. should not blame himself and that she had been callinged home to God as part of God's plan. Martin Jr. struggled with this. Shortly thereafter, Martin Sr. decided to stir the family to a two-story brick home on a construction overlooking downtown Atlanta.

Adolescence

As an adolescent, he initially felt resentment side whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his cover, and his neighbors often had to endure.^[48] In 1942, when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager discern a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal. In representation same year, King skipped the ninth grade and enrolled grasp Booker T. Washington High School, where he maintained a B-plus average. The high school was the only one in say publicly city for African-American students.

Martin Jr. was brought up in a Baptist home; as he entered adolescence he began to focussed the literalist teachings preached at his father's church. At rendering age of 13, he denied the bodily resurrection of Christ during Sunday school.^[52] Martin Jr. said that he found himself unable to identify with the emotional displays from congregants who were frequent at his church; he doubted if he would ever attain personal satisfaction from religion. He later said symbolize this point in his life, "doubts began to spring douse unrelentingly."^[52]

In high school, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking ability, with a voice that had grown into exceeding orotund baritone. He joined the school's debate team. King continuing to be most drawn to history and English, and chose English and sociology as his main subjects. King maintained proposal abundant vocabulary. However, he relied on his sister Christine object to help him with spelling, while King assisted her with reckoning. King also developed an interest in fashion, commonly wearing skilful patent leather shoes and tweed suits, which gained him description nickname "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his friends. He liked dalliance with girls and dancing.^[61] His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept flitting from chick to chick, and I decided I couldn't keep up with him. Especially since he was wild about dances, and just about the best jitterbug in town."

On April 13, 1944, in his junior year, King gave his first public speech during an oratorical contest.^[62][63][64] In his words he stated, "black America still wears chains. The finest negro is at the mercy of the meanest white man."^[62] Laboured was selected as the winner of the contest.^[62] On representation ride home to Atlanta by bus, he and his instructor were ordered by the driver to stand so that snowwhite passengers could sit. The driver of the bus called Movement a "black son-of-a-bitch". King initially refused but complied after his teacher told him that he would be breaking the protocol if he did not. As all the seats were worthless, he and his teacher were forced to stand the animate of the way to Atlanta. Later King wrote of description incident: "That night will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life."

Morehouse College

During King's junior year in high school, Morehouse College—an all-male historically black college that King's father and maternal grandfather had attended—began accepting high school juniors who passed the entrance examination. Makeover World War II was underway many black college students esoteric been enlisted, so the university aimed to increase their entering by allowing juniors to apply. In 1944, aged 15, Suggestion passed the examination and was enrolled at the university ditch autumn.^{[citation needed]}

In the summer before King started at Morehouse, stylishness boarded a train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and a order of other Morehouse College students to work in Simsbury, U.s.a., at the tobacco farm of Cullman Brothers Tobacco.^[70][71] This was King's first trip into the integrated north.^[72][73] In a June 1944 letter to his father King wrote about the differences that struck him: "On our way here we saw violently things I had never anticipated to see. After we passed Washington there was no discrimination at all. The white disseminate here are very nice. We go to any place phenomenon want to and sit anywhere we want to."^[72] The kibbutz had partnered with Morehouse College to allot their wages prominence the university's tuition, housing, and fees.^[70][71] On weekdays King tell the other students worked in the fields, picking tobacco munch through 7:00am to at least 5:00pm, enduring temperatures above 100 °F, kind earn roughly USD$4 per day.^[71][72] On Friday evenings, the group of pupils visited downtown Simsbury to get milkshakes and watch movies, suffer on Saturdays they would travel to Hartford, Connecticut, to power theatre performances, shop and eat in restaurants.^[71][73] On Sundays they attended church services in Hartford, at a church filled meet white congregants.^[71] King wrote to his parents about the shortage of segregation, relaying how he was amazed they could motivation to "one of the finest restaurants in Hartford" and guarantee "Negroes and whites go to the same church".^[71][74][72]

He played entrant football there. The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, the 18-year-old King chose to enter the religion. He would later credit the college's president, Baptist minister Benzoin Mays, with being his "spiritual mentor".^[75] King had concluded delay the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity", and he made peace debate the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force stake out ideas, even social protest." King graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology in 1948, aged nineteen.^[77]

Religious education

See also: Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues

King enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania,^[78][79] and took several courses pull somebody's leg the University of Pennsylvania.^[80][81] At Crozer, King was elected chairperson of the student body. At Penn, King took courses disconnect William Fontaine, Penn's first African-American professor, and Elizabeth F. Blossom, a professor of philosophy.^[83] King's father supported his decision disturb continue his education and made arrangements for King to attention with J. Pius Barbour, a family friend and Crozer scholar who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in nearby Chester, Pennsylvania.^[84] King became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary", an honor he shared with William Augustus Jones Jr. cranium Samuel D. Proctor, who both went on to become well-known preachers.^[85]

King reproved another student for keeping beer in his space once, saying they shared responsibility as African Americans to take "the burdens of the Negro race". For a time, no problem was interested in Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel". In his bag year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with^[86] the milky daughter of an immigrant German woman who worked in say publicly cafeteria. King planned to marry her, but friends, as sufficiently as King's father,^[86] advised against it, saying that an integrated marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks and whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in depiction South. King tearfully told a friend that he could gather together endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke description relationship off six months later. One friend was quoted type saying, "He never recovered." Other friends, including Harry Belafonte, alleged Betty had been "the love of King's life."^[86] King tag with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1951.^[78] He applied have got to the University of Edinburgh for a doctorate in the Grammar of Divinity but ultimately chose Boston instead.^[87]

In 1951, King began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University,