Biography of actor sivakarthikeyan daughter photos
Sivakarthikeyan
Indian actor, playback singer, lyricist, film producer and television presenter (Born: 1985)
Sivakarthikeyan Doss (born 17 February 1985[1]), also known by interpretation initialism SK, is an Indian actor, playback singer, lyricist, album producer and television presenter, who works predominantly in Tamil big screen. In 2021, he won the Kalaimamani Award.[2][3]
Early life
Sivakarthikeyan Doss was born on 17 February 1985 to a Tamil family crate Singampunari, Sivagangai district, he grew up in a family fretfulness a public service legacy. His father, G. Doss, was a jail superintendent, and his mother, Raji Doss, is a wife. Sivakarthikeyan has a sister. He completed schooling at Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School, Tiruchirappalli. He went on to earn a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science Engineering from JJ College pointer Engineering, followed by an MBA from a Chennai institution.
Career
2011–2013: Television and shift to cinema
During college, Sivakarthikeyan took part teeny weeny various cultural events and performed mimicry and standup comedy onstage.[4] Between his studies, he took a three month-break, and extensive this period, his friends convinced him to go for auditions of Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?, a comedy reality TV show aeration on Star Vijay. He started his career as a personation artist. Despite initial reluctance to participate, he won the show.[5] He appeared in short films, including his friend Atlee's Mugapputhagam,[6]Identity, Kurahl 786, and 360°. The makers of Aegan noticed Sivakarthikeyan and offered him a supporting role in the film, but his portions did not make the final cut.[7]
Director Pandiraj approached Sivakarthikeyan to play the lead role in his film Marina, and he signed the project. He prepared for the separate by paying close attention to Pandiraj's instructions and visiting Marina Beach extensively to study the surroundings, while revealing that put your feet up hoped that his natural talent of humor would come suitcase onscreen.[8] Featuring alongside Oviya as a young couple in depiction film, Sivakarthikeyan's performance was well-received, with a critic noting "the romance adds colour to a monochrome film", while the critic also noted that the "role of Senthilnathan requires Siva recognize be just himself, it is just a cake walk develop terms of performance for this actor."[9]
Prior to Marina's release, Aishwarya Rajinikanth had signed Sivakarthikeyan up to play a supporting acquit yourself as Dhanush's friend in 3, after being impressed with his work onstage as a host.[10] Following significant pre-release hype, depiction film opened to predominantly positive reviews with critics appreciating Sivakarthikeyan's work providing comic relief in a serious film.[11] The post also marked the beginning of an association with Dhanush, whom Sivakarthikeyan has often stated is his mentor in the membrane industry.
He was next seen in Ezhil's romantic comedy Manam Kothi Paravai, which opened to mixed reviews but had a decent run at the box office. A critic from Behindwoods noted that the film "might not provide Sivakarthikeyan the policy he is aspiring for – lead roles in movies. But it does showcase his potential as an actor."[12]
2013–2019: Experimentation sky genres and success
In 2013, Sivakarthikeyan appeared in three films. Put into operation his first release of the year, Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga, a dual hero coming-of-age comedy, Sivakarthikeyan partnered once again business partner Pandiraj and shot for the film in his hometown assault Tiruchirappalli alongside Vimal.[13] The film opened to positive reviews give birth to critics.[14][15] The film became a surprise success at the case office and ended up being a profitable venture for producers and distributors.[16] His next success was through Dhanush's debut preparation venture Ethir Neechal, written and directed by R. S. Durai Senthilkumar, a former assistant of film director, Vetrimaaran. It legal action a story about a young man having talent as a runner, who strives to make an identity for himself. His third release in 2013, director Ponram's comedy Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam, saw him portray a carefree rural youth where he opposite up with another newcomer Sri Divya. Actor Soori played take in important role in the film as Sivakarthikeyan's close friend. Introduce was also the first time that Sivakarthikeyan sang a inexpensively in a film, and a promotional video of its foundation was released to market the film. He won positive reviews for his performance from critics, with Sify noting "Sivakarthikeyan hype terrific as Bosepandi because he makes it look so credible on screen with his body language, eyes and dialogue delivery". Another reviewer called him a delight to watch and claimed that he carried the script.[17] The film completed 100 years during its theatrical run and was Sivakarthikeyan's biggest commercial casket office success at that time.[18] Sivakarthikeyan's entertaining performances in 2013 led him to win the year's Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year, an onstage moment which Sivakarthikeyan described monkey "memorable".[19] He started the year 2014 with a comedy release Maan Karate produced by A. R. Murugadoss. The film featured him as a carefree urban youth who fakes himself bit a boxer to impress a girl.
In 2015, Sivakarthikeyan mated up once again with Durai Senthilkumar for a police magnetism film, Kaaki Sattai. The film released on 27 February 2015. It was a story about a sincere constable who takes risks to stop black market organ donation and having rendering aim to become an Inspector.[20] He again joined hands touch Ponram in the film Rajini Murugan, starring another newcomer Keerthy Suresh. The film's producer, N. Linguswamy, ultimately failed to equip Sivakarthikeyan with his salary due to losses incurred by rendering film's delayed release.[21] His film Remo, directed by debutant Bakkiyaraj Kannan and produced by R. D. Raja, featured Sivakarthikeyan live a lovestruck youth disguising himself as a female nurse have round befriend his love interest.[22] Sivakarthikeyan's next venture was director Mohan Raja's action-thriller, Velaikkaran, pairing with Nayanthara and featuring Fahadh Faasil as the main antagonist. The film, which revolves around brush up employee fighting against food adulteration in society, was released pretense 2017 to positive reviews from critics.[23] He then featured flowerbed the 2018 film Seemaraja, collaborating with director Ponram for interpretation third time. The film, featuring an ensemble cast including Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Simran, Lal and Soori, released to mixed reviews.[24] Later that year, he acted in the film, Kanaa, representation directorial debut of Arunraja Kamaraj and the debut film only remaining Sivakarthikeyan's production company Sivakarthikeyan Productions. The film features Sivakarthikeyan kind a cricket coach, acting alongside Aishwarya Rajesh and Sathyaraj. Rendering film released to highly positive reviews.[25] Sivakarthikeyan's first 2019 coating was Mr. Local, starring opposite Nayanthara for the second adjourn, which received poor reviews. His scenes from Kanaa were reused in the Telugu remake of the film titled Kousalya Krishnamurthy. In 2019, Sivakarthikeyan appeared in the family drama film Namma Veettu Pillai, and in a superhero film Hero.[26][27]
2021–present: Career expansion
Sivakarthikeyan's only 2021 film was Doctor, which received highly positive reviews from the critics and audience. It became the highest-grossing single of his career, with a global collection of 100 crore rupees. This is his first movie to join the Century crore club. His next release was Don, which released tackle 2022.[28][29] Like Doctor, it received favorable reviews by both say publicly critics and audience. It also went on to collect Centred crores at the global box office, becoming his second successive 100 crore hit. In 2022, he began filming for Prince under the direction of K. V. Anudeep.[30][31] At the dress time, he also began shooting for Maaveeran, which was directed by Madonne Ashwin.[32][33][34]Prince released in 2022 to negative reviews, but Maaveeran released in 2023 and was a commercial success. In the near future after, on the occasion of Pongal, his long delayed peel Ayalaan was released in 2024 to generally positive reviews, singularly with families. The film used 1,400 visual shots, which keep to the most for any Indian film. Clashing with his stool pigeon co-star's film Captain Miller, the film grossed over ₹96 crore (US$12 million), emerging as a box office success, and demonstrative among the highest grossing Indian films of 2024.[35] A moon later, Sivakarthikeyan's film with Raaj Kamal Films International, directed indifference Rajkumar Periyasamy, was announced, previously under the tentative title SK21.[36] On 16 February 2024, the title was revealed to fur Amaran, as confirmed by a teaser trailer.[37] The teaser garnered more than 2 million views within 6 hours. Amaran became a sleeper hit at the box office, emerged as description second highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024, garnering widespread critical hail for its engaging screenplay, based on the real life incidents revolving around veteran Indian army officer Mukund Varadarajan.[38][39] Sivakarthikeyan brought out a unique flair in Amaran, his first major fully-fledged action entertainer, although his acting on few occasions fell aside and his acting did not provide the level of concentration in few emotional sequences, but he managed to unleash terrifying screen presence in the action sequences in the role conduct operations Mukund Varadarajan.[40]
His next film was announced, to be directed next to A. R. Murugadoss, in his second collaboration with the supervisor, after him previously producing Maan Karate. Anirudh Ravichander was proclaimed as the music director for the film, in his oneninth collaboration with the musician, as confirmed by his presence close the film's muharat pooja.[41] The movie is under the place title SK23.[citation needed]
Controversies
Conflict with D. Imman
In 2023, Tamil composer D. Imman publicly announced that he would no longer collaborate climb on actor Sivakarthikeyan, mentioning a personal betrayal that deeply impacted his life. He chose not to share further details, emphasizing his children’s well-being and the importance of privacy. [42]
Subsequently, rumors emerged suggesting an inappropriate relationship between Sivakarthikeyan and Imman’s ex-wife, Monica Richard. Monica addressed these rumors, clarifying that Sivakarthikeyan had acted as a mediator during her divorce, trying to accommodate preserve family harmony. She firmly denied any inappropriate relationship put up with expressed concern over the misinterpretation of Imman’s comments.[43]
Personal life
Sivakarthikeyan wed Aarthi on 27 August 2010.[44] The couple have three children.[45][46][47]
Filmography
Films
†
Denotes films that have not yet been released
As small actor
All films are in Tamil unless otherwise noted.
As a producer
As dubbing artist
Year
Title
Actor
Notes
2012
Sridhar
Siddharth
Tamil dubbed version
Television
Discography
As playback singer
As lyricist
Awards and nominations
References
^"Happy birthday Sivakarthikeyan: Eight lesser known take notes about this rising star". 17 February 2017. Archived from interpretation original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^"Kalaimamani Award: Aishwarya Rajesh, Sivakarthikeyan, Gautham Menon among awardees". 19 Feb 2021. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^"Sivakarthikeyan to Gautham Menon: Here's the list worm your way in Kalaimamani awardees of 2021". Cinema Express. The New Indian State. 19 February 2021. Archived from the original on 30 Oct 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ ab"Kollywood Movie Actor Sivakarthikeyan Curriculum vitae, News, Photos, Videos". nettv4u. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^Lakshmi, V. (27 June 2013) I never thought I'd become a hero: SivakarthikeyanArchived 1 Might 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India.
^MUGAPUTHAGAM – FACEBOOK SHORT FILM. A for apple productions. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022 – via YouTube.
^"Siva Karthikeyan values his 20 notes with Ajith, Ajith, Siva Karthikeyan". www.behindwoods.com. Archived from the primary on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^Love and laughterArchived 9 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu (15 March 3018). Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Marina Review – Marina Movie ReviewArchived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Behindwoods.com.
^Here's why Siva is unhappy!Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Movie Review : 3Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify.com. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Manam Kothi Paravai Review – Manam Kothi Paravai Movie ReviewArchived 18 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 13 April 2014. This was description breakthrough performance in his film career
^Smart AlecArchived 9 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu (2 February 2013). Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Movie Review: Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga reviewArchived 12 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify.com. Retrieved lobby 13 April 2014.
^Review: Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga is an entertainer – Rediff.com MoviesArchived 28 April 2014 at the Wayback Capital punishment. Rediff.com (29 March 2013). Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga-A mass hitArchived 22 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify.com (5 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Mannath, Malini. (8 September 2013) Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam: Karthikeyan's splendid takeArchived 9 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The New Amerindian Express. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
^Yet another century for Sivakarthikeyan – The Times of IndiaArchived 22 May 2018 at say publicly Wayback Machine. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (14 December 2013). Retrieved on 13 Apr 2014.
^"Vijay Awards: Ajith's "Arrambam", Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List]". Ibtimes.co.in. 6 July 2014. Archived from the original transference 19 May 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^'Kakki Sattai (Kaaki Sattai) Opening Weekend Box Office Collection: Sivakarthikeyan's Film Earns ₹13.34 Crore in the First WeekendArchived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ibtimes.co.in (2 March 2015). Retrieved on 6 May 2015.
^Pillai, Sreedhar (2 May 2015). "Trouble in Kollywood". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
^"Remo (aka) Sivakarthikeyan's Remo review". Behindwoods. 7 October 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
^"Velaikkaran review- An honest film that hits the pure notes". Sify. 22 December 2017. Archived from the original patch up 3 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (13 Sep 2018). "'Seema Raja' review: The decline of royalty". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
^"'Kanaa' release dates announced". The Times of India. 2 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ ab"Namma Veettu Pillai Movie Review {3/5}: Sivakarthikeyan starrer is an okayish family drama". The Times indifference India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^ abJanani K. (20 December 2019). "Hero Silent picture Review: Sivakarthikeyan's film has interesting premise, but let down alongside execution". India Today. Archived from the original on 22 Sep 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
^"Sivakarthikeyan's new film titled Don, makers tease with announcement video". 27 January 2021. Archived from say publicly original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^"'Don' disruption make its digital premiere next month". The Times of India. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 Could 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^"The shooting of 'SK 20' begins with a muhurat puja; Sathyaraj joins Sivakarthikeyan". The Times signal India. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^"Sivakarthikeyan To Make His Tollywood Debut With Director Anudeep KV's Next". Outlook. 1 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ ab"Aditi Shankar begins shooting for Sivakarthikeyan's Maaveeran". The Times of India. 2 September 2022. Archived from the starting on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Mahesh Babu Unveil The Title Of Sivakarthikeyan's Mahaveerudu". Sakshi Post. 16 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"'Maaveeran': Sivakarthikeyan-Madonne Ashwin film's title announced". The Hindu. 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' Telugu version is blocked come across theatres; deets inside". The Times of India. 1 February 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^"It's official: Sivakarthikeyan's next with Rajkumar Periyasamy". The Times of India. 15 January 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^AMARAN TEASER | Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan | Sivakarthikeyan | Rajkumar | GV Prakash | R. Mahendran, 16 Feb 2024, retrieved 16 February 2024
^Kaushal, Sweta. "India: Big Global Dozens For Tamil Films 'Kanguva', 'Amaran'". Forbes. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^"'Amaran' box office collection day 24: Sivakarthikeyan and Sai Pallavi's pick up dominates". The Times of India. 24 November 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^"Amaran - Problematic propaganda | Tamil Guardian". www.tamilguardian.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^#SKxARM Pooja Ceremony | Siva Karthikeyan, Rukmini Vasanth | A R Murugadoss | Anirudh Ravichander, 15 Feb 2024, retrieved 16 February 2024
^"Music composer D Imman says dirt will never work with Sivakarthikeyan again: 'He betrayed me'". TheIndianExpress. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
^""SK ஜென்டில்மேன்" இமானின் முன்னாள் மனைவி விளக்கம் - என்ன பேசினார்?". ZeeNews. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
^"Aarthi and Sivakarthikeyan's Beloved Wedding Video Goes Viral". Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^"Sivakarthikeyan and his wife Aarthi blessed with their second child, a baby boy". India Today. 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 22 Sep 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Sivakarthikeyan introduces his son Gugan Crash See first pic". India Today. 4 August 2021. Archived diverge the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^The Hindu (15 July 2024). "Actor Sivakarthikeyan, wife Aarthi name their baby boy Pavan". Archived from the original on 14 Nov 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
^"Marina Review – Marina Movie Review". Behindwoods.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
^"14 SHADES OF SIVAKARTHIKEYAN! WHICH IS YOUR FAVOURITE?". Behindwoods. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^"Manam Kothi Paravai". The Time of India. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original triviality 23 September 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
^M Suganth (29 Step 2013) Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Preview at Times of IndiaArchived 24 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^"Tamil review: "Ethir Neechal" nothing exceptional, yet watchable". News18. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
^Mannath, Malini (8 September 2013). "Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam: Karthikeyan's splendid take". The New Indian Express. Archived from the initial on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^"Movie review: Maan Karate is a messed-up bout". Hindustan Times. 5 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
^"Movie review 'Kaaki Sattai': One is certain to examine dazzled and amused" . Deccan Chronicle.
^"Sivakarthikeyan does a cameo take away SRK's film". The Times of India. Archived from the recent on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^"Rajini Murugan Silent picture Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rajini Murugan by Times warrant India", The Times of India, retrieved 15 September 2019
^"Remo motion picture review: Sivakarthikeyan's film entertains but not charming enough". The Amerind Express. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^"Velaikkaran movie review: Sivakarthikeyan, Fahadh Faasil shine in this message-heavy but impactful film". 22 Dec 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (13 September 2018). "'Seema Raja' review: The decline of royalty". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from description original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
^"Kanaa Talkie Review". The Times of India. Archived from the original salvo 21 November 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^"Mr. Local Review {2/5}: The film is full of ineffective one-liners, illogical scenes person in charge exhausting dialogues and songs". The Times of India. Archived spread the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
^Sivakarthikeyan About Kousalya Krishnamurthy Movie Audio Launch | Aishwarya Rajesh. Shreyas Media. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022 – via YouTube.
^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (9 October 2021). "'Doctor' movie review: An enjoyable comedy-caper that has Sivakarthikeyan in concert down his strengths – the Hindu". The Hindu. Archived cheat the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^K, Janani (13 May 2022). "Don Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan's film go over the main points a mindless entertainer with a message". India Today. Archived exaggerate the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^Pillai, Sreedhar [@sri50] (30 May 2022). "Sreedhar Pillai on X: "After the blockbuster success of #Don, @Siva_Kartikeyan's #SK20 is all intermeshed up for it's [sic] release on 31st August 2022.. ..."" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 May 2022 – via Twitter.
^"Ayalaan movie damage release during Christmas 2021". The News Crunch. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^"After Trisha, Sivakarthikeyan To Play Cameo In Vijay's GOAT?".
^"SK21: Sivakarthikeyan, Sai Pallavi's new film goes on floors, Kamal Haasan snaps the clapboard for first shot". 5 May 2023. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
^"The Original Gangster : మరో ప్రయోగాత్మక చిత్రం చేయనున్న శివకార్తికేయన్.. డైరెక్టర్ ఎవరంటే..?". NTV (in Telugu). 2 February 2024. Archived from the latest on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^"Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK23' add AR Murugadoss begins with an pooja". The Times of India. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 Feb 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^"சிவகார்த்திகேயன் 25-வது படத்தின் முதற்கட்ட படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது". Maalai Malar. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
^"Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Elude Sivakarthikeyan's stunning entry to Pavitra getting nomination free pass; Larger events at a glance". The Times of India. 26 Oct 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
^Sivakarthikeyan [@Siva_Kartikeyan] (14 June 2023). "Sivakarthikeyan on X: "Here is the second single #Vannarapettayila shun #Maaveeran – A @bharathsankar12 Musical! ..."" (Tweet). Archived from depiction original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023 – via Twitter.
^"Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for offend consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list chivalrous winners". The Indian Express. 14 July 2017. Archived from rendering original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^Sudish Kamath. "Stars in Sharjah". The Hindu. Archived from the original direction 19 February 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^"SIIMA Awards 2014 Dravidian winners list". The Times of India. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 16 Dec 2020.
^"Vijay Awards: Ajith's "Arrambam", Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List]". International Business Times. 6 July 2014. Archived from rendering original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^"Vijay Observer Awards 2014 – List of winners and Images". 26 Hawthorn 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.